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Merei
Malmariv
Region	Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu
Native speakers	(800 cited 1997–2001)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic North-Central Vanuatu North Vanuatu Espiritu Santo Merei
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: mnl – Tiale lmb – Merei
Glottolog	tial1239  Tiale mere1242  Merei
ELP	Merei
Malmariv is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Merei or Malmariv is an Oceanic language spoken in north central Espiritu Santo Island in Vanuatu.

There are two varieties, Tiale, or Malmariv, and Merei, or Lametin. They are mutually intelligible according to a comparison of 234 words, which showed 94.87% cognate similarity. There are an estimated 800 speakers of Malmariv-Merei or Tiale-Lametin. Merei, as well as Tiale, are both spoken by roughly 60% of the children in the villages. The members of the population have a positive attitude towards the threatened language, with Merei being spoken by approximately 400 people as a mother tongue. There are at least four villages where Merei is spoken, Angoru, Navele, Tombet and Vusvogo. These villages are located between the Ora and Lape rivers in the central area of Espiritu Santo Island.

Merei is an SVO language, aligning itself with many of the typical Oceanic features. Subject pronouns, modality, and aspect markers occur preverbally, object pronouns and aspect adverbs follow the verb, and possessives are divided into direct and indirect (or inalienable and alienable respectively).

Phonology

Merei has a phoneme inventory consisting of sixteen consonants and five vowels. The combinations of vowels can form nine diphthongs.

Consonants

There is also a consonant previously listed in the consonant chart written as |pm|.

Vowels

Merei has a common 5 vowel system that languages like Spanish have.

Morphology

Pronouns and person markers

The pronominal system contains two free-form categories, independent pronouns and preverbal subject pronouns, and two bound categories, object pronominal suffix and possessive pronominal suffix. No gender or animate distinction is made. Pronouns only have animate reference.

The pronominal system makes a distinction between first, second and third persons. Singular, dual, and plural are marked by number. First person dual and plural makes the distinction between inclusive and exclusive.

Independent pronouns

In this example we see the 2nd person independent pronoun being used as a speech act of invitation.

i

ART.PN

go

2SG

i go

ART.PN 2SG

'You (eat it).' (as one is giving you food).

Example 2 shows use of the first person plural exclusive independent pronoun gamau.

Kam

2PL

ta

REAL

usi

ask

ko

2SG

arongo/

today

ko

2SG

sio

down

peser

with

i

ART.PN

gamau

EX.PL

tui.

PER

Kam ta usi ko arongo/ ko sio peser i gamau tui.

2PL REAL ask 2SG today 2SG down with ART.PN EX.PL PER

'We asked you today for you to stay with us.'

Preverbal subject pronouns and suffixes

Example 3 below uses the preverbal subject pronoun nam and the possessive pronominal suffix -gu.

Nam

1SG

ta

REAL

tai

make

ia

ART.CN

jingo-m

mouth-2SG

ko

2SG

ta

REAL

tai

make

ia

ART.CN

sala-gu.

road-1SG.

Nam ta tai ia jingo-m ko ta tai ia sala-gu.

1SG REAL make ART.CN mouth-2SG 2SG REAL make ART.CN road-1SG.

‘I make your mouth and you make my road.’

Example 4 below demonstrates the absence of a 3rd person singular preverbal subject pronoun and also contains the 3rd person plural pronominal suffix -ra.

Ø

3SG

ta

REAL

vai-ra

make-3PL

mate.

died.

Ø ta vai-ra mate.

3SG REAL make-3PL died.

‘He cause them to die.’

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are formed from the root nese- followed by a possessive pronominal suffix. It can be used in concurrence with the free pronoun and is often followed by the free particle nga 'only' as seen in example 5 and 6 below.

I

ART.PN

nau

1SG

nese-gu

self-1SG

nga

only

nam

1SG

ta

REAL

sioto.

stay.

I nau nese-gu nga nam ta sioto.

ART.PN 1SG self-1SG only 1SG REAL stay.

‘Just I myself stay.’

Nam

1SG

ta

REAL

jip

cut

nese-gu

self-1SG

nga.

only.

Nam ta jip nese-gu nga.

1SG REAL cut self-1SG only.

‘I cut myself.’

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns consist of a mix of locational adverbs and third person pronouns. They have three possible functions: they can occupy the whole noun phrase slot, act as an independent nominal argument or be placed at the end of a noun phrase to modify the noun-head. The classifications of demonstrative adverbs are based on two aspects: speaker-hearer reference and spatial reference.

Shows get-nie a speaker hearer referenced demonstrative pronoun:

Get-nie

this

ia

ART.CN

sava?

what

Get-nie ia sava?

this ART.CN what

'What is this?'

Shows get-ire a speaker hearer referenced demonstrative pronoun:

Iadu

ART.CN.PL

tese

man

get-ire

these

tato

REAL:3PL

toma?

what.happen

Iadu tese get-ire tato toma?

ART.CN.PL man these REAL:3PL what.happen

'What are these men doing?

Spatial reference demonstrative pronouns are formed by the third person independent pronouns, nie and ire when linked to spatial adverbial adverbs.

leva-nie

far.horizontal.3SG

leva-nie

far.horizontal.3SG

'That far horizontal'

la

ART.CN

tese

man

leva-nie

far.horizontal-3SG

Ø

3SG

ta

REAL

logologo.

bad.

la tese leva-nie Ø ta logologo.

ART.CN man far.horizontal-3SG 3SG REAL bad.

'That man is bad' (referring to a man who is a long way from the speaker)

Possessive constructions

In the Malmariv language, there are two possessive formations, direct and indirect. In certain situations, both of them are simultaneously possible. When in this predicament, if the possessed is more closely linked to the possessor, then it is classed as direct poIndirect Possessiond to indirect possession.

The possessive construction of the Merei language is typical Oceanic. There are different types of the classifiers and genitive prepositions of indirect possessive according to the edibility of the noun heads, however the word for tattoo ‘bur’ is an exception to the edible noun class.

Pronominal object suffixes and non-singular pronominal possessive suffixes are practically identical.

Direct possession

In direct pronominal possession a possessed inalienable noun head is followed by a poBoth Direct and Indirect Possession shown in table 4 above. This type of formation is normally related with body parts, familial terms, and relationships between location and part-whole connections.

Examples 11, 12 and 13 show the relative possessive pronominal suffix pairing with the possessed noun.

ia

ART.CN

mata-m

eye-2SG

ia mata-m

ART.CN eye-2SG

‘your eye’

i

ART.PN

nanu-gu

child-1SG

i nanu-gu

ART.PN child-1SG

‘my child’

la

LOC.TEMP.PREP

vsa-na

top-3SG

la vsa-na

LOC.TEMP.PREP top-3SG

‘on its top’

The directly possessed noun is followed by the possessor noun phrase when the possessor is a nominal. This is shown in examples 14, 15 and 16.

ia

ART.CN

natu

child

ia

ART.CN

bo

pig

ia natu ia bo

ART.CN child ART.CN pig

'the pigs child'

ia

ART.CN

lma

hand

i

ART.PN

Pita

Pita

ia lma i Pita

ART.CN hand ART.PN Pita

'Peter's hand'

i

ART.PN

rabui

mother

i

ART.PN

Pita

Pita

i rabui i Pita

ART.PN mother ART.PN Pita

‘Peter’s mother'

Indirect Possession

With indirect pronominal possession, there is a Possessive Classifier that precedes the indirectly possessed alienable noun head. The Possessive Classifier for inedible nouns is nou- (POSSC.I), and a- (or less commonly na-) for edible and drinkable nouns (POSSC.E), followed by the possessive pronominal suffix.

Example 17 shows the Possessive Classifier for inedible nouns

nou-gu

POSS.INED-1SG

uma

garden

nou-gu uma

POSS.INED-1SG garden

‘my garden’

Example 18 shows the Possessive Classifier for edible and drinkable nouns

a-gu

POSS.ED-1SG

sna

yam

a-gu sna

POSS.ED-1SG yam

‘my yam’

In indirect nominal possession the indirectly possessive noun head is followed by a genitive preposition, nui for inedible (GEN.I) and nai for edible (GEN.E), which are followed by the possessor noun.

Example 19 shows the genitive preposition for inedible nouns

ia

ART.CN

bo

pig

nui

GEN.INED

Loretta

Loretta

ia bo nui Loretta

ART.CN pig GEN.INED Loretta

'Loretta's pig'

Example 20 shows the genitive preposition for edible nouns

ia

ART.CN

sei-beda

piece-taro

nai

GEN.ED

Loretta

Loretta

ia sei-beda nai Loretta

ART.CN piece-taro GEN.ED Loretta

'Loretta's taro-piece'

The benefactive preposition sei can also function as genitive preposition. it operates as part of the noun phrase and functions like a descriptive normal modifier or a possessive construction.

ia

ART.CN

tese

man

sei

BEN

Vila

Vila

ia tese sei Vila

ART.CN man BEN Vila

'the man from Vila'

Both Direct and Indirect Possession

Many Oceanic languages have the ability to possess nouns both directly and indirectly. This difference in possession changes the meaning of the nouns affected. In indirect possession, the relationship between the possessed and the possessor is not as close as the direct possessive.

Examples 22 and 23 below show the difference that indirect and direct possession have on the noun 'night'.

ia

ART.CN

nou-gu

POSS.INED

bong

night

ia nou-gu bong

ART.CN POSS.INED night

'my night' (the day of celebration for me)

ia

ART.CN

bong

night

i

ART.PN

ia

ART.CN

vla

month

Ø

3SG

ta

REAL

ese

one

ia bong i ia vla Ø ta ese

ART.CN night ART.PN ART.CN month 3SG REAL one

'the first day of the month'

The following examples show the difference that indirect and direct possession have on the noun 'road'.

ia

ART.CN

nou-gu

POSS.INED

sala

road

ia nou-gu sala

ART.CN POSS.INED road

‘my road’

ia

ART.CN

sala-gu

road-1SG

ia sala-gu

ART.CN road-1SG

‘my way’ (way of going or doing thing)

Negation and Modality

Negation is closely related to Modality in Merei, and negation can be considered a propositional modality (cited in,). Thus it is useful to discuss the two in the same section. There are three modalities in Merei, realis (R), presupposition (PSP), and irrealis (IRR).

All non-third person forms of negative modality markers share the same form tei. The third person singular and dual negative forms can be formed by adding tei to the end of the positive form, whereas in the plural tei is added to the suffix -ta.

Negative third person dual irrealis modality:

Ia

ART.CN

esio

kingfisher

peser

with

ia

ART.CN

maji

fish

moratei

IRR.3D.NEG

vai

do

Ia esio peser ia maji moratei vai

ART.CN kingfisher with ART.CN fish IRR.3D.NEG do

'The kingfisher and the fish did not do (it)'

Negation in verbless equative clauses is marked by the irrealis marker mo or mu followed by the negative marker tei. This comes before the second noun phrase, the particle mo or mu is used for all persons.

I

ART.PN

nau

1

motei

IRR.3.NEG

na

ART.CN

tasale

white-man

I nau motei na tasale

ART.PN 1 IRR.3.NEG ART.CN white-man

'I am not a white-man'

I

ART.PN

nie

3

motei

IRR.3.NEG

na

ART.CN

tija

teacher

I nie motei na tija

ART.PN 3 IRR.3.NEG ART.CN teacher

'He is not a teacher'

Negative existential clauses are formed in Merei by following the basic intransitive structure of a verbal clause.

To form a negative existential clause the predicate slot is replaced by the verb va 'go' which is followed by the negative deictic merei and the clause takes only a single subject.

Existential clause

Ia

ART.CN

bo

pig

ø

3SG

ta

REAL

dauva

exist

Ia bo ø ta dauva

ART.CN pig 3SG REAL exist

'There is a pig'

Negative existential clause

Ia

ART.CN

bo

pig

va

g

merei

use

Ia bo va merei

ART.CN pig g use

‘There is no pig’

By adding the particle of prohibition tla after the subject pronoun, imperative and hortative clauses can be negated. This can function as either prohibition or pleading, depending on context and intonation. The distinction between prohibition and pleading depends on the meaning of the verbs and intonation or it may require a more specific declaration.

Ko

2SG

tla

PROHIB

an

eat

Ko tla an

2SG PROHIB eat

'Don't eat'

Te

IN.PL

tla

PROHIB

voro

leave

Te tla voro

IN.PL PROHIB leave

'Let's not leave'

Kamara

EX.DU

tla

PROHIB

bat-voro-in

head-empty-OD

Kamara tla bat-voro-in

EX.DU PROHIB head-empty-OD

'Let's us not be naughty'

References

1. Tiale at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
   Merei at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Tryon, Darrell T. (1973). "Linguistic subgrouping in the new Hebrides: a preliminary approach". Oceanic Linguistics. 12 (1/2): 303–352. doi:10.2307/3622859. JSTOR 3622859.
3. Lynch, John; Crowley, Terry (2001). Languages of Vanuatu: a new survey and bibliography. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. p. 54.
4. ^ Chung (2005).
5. Givón, T. (1984). Syntax: A functional-typological introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 321. doi:10.1075/z.17. ISBN 9789027230133.

Bibliography

• Chung, Ying Shing Anthony (2005). A descriptive grammar of Merei (Vanuatu). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-560-6. OCLC 70282773.

External links

• Database of audio recordings in Malmariv (Wusiroro) - basic Catholic prayers

• Espiritu Santo languages
• Languages of Vanuatu
• Vulnerable languages