Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase

In enzymology, coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase, also known as methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) or most systematically as 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate:N-(7-thioheptanoyl)-3-O-phosphothreonine S-(2-sulfoethyl)thiotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the formation of methane. It does so by combining the hydrogen donor coenzyme B and the methyl donor coenzyme M. Via this enzyme, most of the natural gas on earth was produced. Ruminants (e.g. cows) produce methane because their rumens contain methanogenic prokaryotes (Archaea) that encode and express the set of genes of this enzymatic complex.

The enzyme has two active sites, each occupied by the nickel-containing F₄₃₀ cofactor.

methyl-CoM2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate + coenzyme BN-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine 3-O-phosphate ⇌ CoM-S-S-CoB + methane

The two substrates of this enzyme are 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate and N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine 3-O-phosphate; its two products are CoM-S-S-CoB and methane. 3-Nitrooxypropanol inhibits the enzyme.

In some species, the enzyme reacts in reverse (a process called reverse methanogenesis), catalysing the anaerobic oxidation of methane, therefore removing it from the environment. Such organisms are methanotrophs.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring alkylthio groups.

Structure

Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase is a multiprotein complex made up of a pair of identical halves. Each half is made up of three subunits: α, β and γ, also called McrA, McrB and McrG, respectively.

References

Stephen W., Ragdale (2014). "Chapter 6. Biochemistry of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase: The Nickel Metalloenzyme that Catalyzes the Final Step in Synthesis and the First Step in Anaerobic Oxidation of the Greenhouse Gas Methane". In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres (ed.). The Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. Springer. pp. 125–145. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_6. ISBN 978-94-017-9268-4. PMID 25416393.
"Bovine Rumen - microbewiki".
Whitford MF, Teather RM, Forster RJ (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens from the bovine rumen". BMC Microbiology. 1: 5. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-1-5. PMC 32158. PMID 11384509.
Thauer RK (September 1998). "Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson. 1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture". Microbiology. 144 (9): 2377–406. doi:10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377. PMID 9782487.
Hristov AN, Oh J, Giallongo F, Frederick TW, Harper MT, Weeks HL, Branco AF, Moate PJ, Deighton MH, Williams SR, Kindermann M, Duval S (August 2015). "An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (34): 10663–8. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11210663H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504124112. PMC 4553761. PMID 26229078.
Hallam SJ, Putnam N, Preston CM, Detter JC, Rokhsar D, Richardson PM, DeLong EF (September 2004). "Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics". Science. 305 (5689): 1457–62. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1457H. doi:10.1126/science.1100025. PMID 15353801. S2CID 31107045.
Ermler U, Grabarse W, Shima S, Goubeaud M, Thauer RK (November 1997). "Crystal structure of methyl-coenzyme M reductase: the key enzyme of biological methane formation". Science. 278 (5342): 1457–62. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1457E. doi:10.1126/science.278.5342.1457. PMID 9367957.

Bobik TA, Olson KD, Noll KM, Wolfe RS (December 1987). "Evidence that the heterodisulfide of coenzyme M and 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate is a product of the methylreductase reaction in Methanobacterium". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 149 (2): 455–60. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(87)90389-5. PMID 3122735.
Ellermann J, Rospert S, Thauer RK, Bokranz M, Klein A, Voges M, Berkessel A (September 1989). "Methyl-coenzyme-M reductase from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (strain Marburg). Purity, activity and novel inhibitors". European Journal of Biochemistry. 184 (1): 63–8. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14990.x. PMID 2506016.
Signor L, Knuppe C, Hug R, Schweizer B, Pfaltz A, Jaun B (October 2000). "Methane formation by reaction of a methyl thioether with a photo-excited nickel thiolate--a process mimicking methanogenesis in archaea". Chemistry: A European Journal. 6 (19): 3508–16. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20001002)6:19<3508::AID-CHEM3508>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 11072815.

v t e Transferases: sulfur-containing group (EC 2.8)
2.8.1: Sulfurtransferases	Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase Rhodanese 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase thiosulfate—thiol sulfurtransferase tRNA sulfurtransferase thiosulfate—dithiol sulfurtransferase biotin synthase cysteine desulfurase lipoyl synthase molybdenum cofactor sulfurtransferase thiazole synthase molybdopterin synthase sulfurtransferase molybdopterin synthase tRNA-uridine 2-sulfurtransferase () tRNA-5-taurinomethyluridine 2-sulfurtransferase () tRNA-5-methyluridine 2-sulfurtransferase () L-aspartate semialdehyde sulfurtransferase ()
2.8.2: Sulfotransferases	aryl sulfotransferase amine sulfotransferase estrone sulfotransferase chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase choline sulfotransferase UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate sulfotransferase heparan sulfate-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase tyrosine-ester sulfotransferase Renilla-luciferin sulfotransferase galactosylceramide sulfotransferase psychosine sulfotransferase bile salt sulfotransferase steroid sulfotransferase thiol sulfotransferase chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase cortisol sulfotransferase triglucosylalkylacylglycerol sulfotransferase protein-tyrosine sulfotransferase keratan sulfotransferase aryl-sulfate sulfotransferase (heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase flavonol 3-sulfotransferase quercetin-3-sulfate 3′-sulfotransferase quercetin-3-sulfate 4′-sulfotransferase quercetin-3,3′-bissulfate 7-sulfotransferase (heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 (heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3 petromyzonol sulfotransferase scymnol sulfotransferase N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase glycochenodeoxycholate sulfotransferase dermatan 4-sulfotransferase desulfo-A47934 sulfotransferase () trehalose 2-sulfotransferase () aliphatic desulfoglucosinolate sulfotransferase () hydroxyjasmonate sulfotransferase () ω-hydroxy-β-dihydromenaquinone-9 sulfotransferase (*) Alcohol sulfotransferase Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase
2.8.3: CoA-transferases	Propionate CoA-transferase oxalate CoA-transferase malonate CoA-transferase 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 3-oxoadipate CoA-transferase succinyl-CoA—Dcitramalate CoA-transferase acetate CoA-transferase butyrate—acetoacetate CoA-transferase citrate CoA-transferase citramalate CoA-transferase glutaconate CoA-transferase succinate—hydroxymethylglutarate CoA-transferase 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase succinyl-CoA:(R)-benzylsuccinate CoA-transferase formyl-CoA transferase cinnamoyl-CoA:phenyllactate CoA-transferase succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase () CoA:oxalate CoA-transferase () succinyl-CoA—D-citramalate CoA-transferase () L-carnitine CoA-transferase () succinyl-CoA—L-malate CoA-transferase () caffeate CoA-transferase () (R)-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate CoA-transferase () bile acid CoA-transferase () succinyl-CoA:mesaconate CoA transferase (*)
2.8.4: Alkylthio	2.8.4: Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase arsenate-mycothiol transferase tRNA-2-methylthio-N-dimethylallyladenosine synthase () (aspartate-C)-methylthiotransferase () tRNA (N-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine-C)-methylthiotransferase (*)
2.8.5:	2.8.5: S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (3-phospho-L-serine-dependent) () L-cysteine S-thiosulfotransferase ()

v t e Enzymes
Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis
Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator
Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes
Kinetics	Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list)

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