| Micrathena | |
|---|---|
| |
| Micrathena sagittata in Virginia, USA | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | Micrathena Sundevall, 1833 |
| Type species | |
| Micrathena aureola (C. L. Koch, 1836) | |
| Species | |
|
119, see text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Micrathena, known as spiny orbweavers, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833. Micrathena contains more than a hundred species, most of them Neotropical woodland-dwelling species. The name is derived from the Greek "micro", meaning "small", and the goddess Athena.
Species with extremely long spines evolved at least eight times in the genus Micrathena and likely function as anti-predator defenses. Gasteracantha orb-weavers also have hardened abdomens with variously shaped spines, but they are not closely related to Micrathena within the orb-weaver family.
These spiders are active during the daytime and build vertical orb webs. Unlike many other orb-weavers, members of Micrathena bite their prey before wrapping it. When laying eggs, females will place the egg sac on vegetation near the web.
Species
As of April 2019 the genus Micrathena contains 119 species:
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- M. abrahami (Mello-Leitão, 1948) – Colombia to Brazil
- M. acuta (Walckenaer, 1841) – Trinidad to Argentina
- M. agriliformis (Taczanowski, 1879) – Costa Rica to Bolivia
- M. alvarengai Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- M. anchicaya Levi, 1985 – Colombia, Ecuador
- M. annulata Reimoser, 1917 – Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
- M. armigera (C. L. Koch, 1837) – Brazil, Peru, Guyana
- M. atuncela Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- M. aureola (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Colombia to Suriname, Paraguay
- M. balzapamba Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- M. bananal Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- M. bandeirante (Magalhaes & Santos, 2011) – Brazil, Argentina
- M. banksi Levi, 1985 – Cuba
- M. beta Caporiacco, 1947 – Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
- M. bicolor (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia, Peru
- M. bifida (Taczanowski, 1879) – Peru
- M. bimucronata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) – Mexico to Panama
- M. bogota Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- M. brevipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Mexico to Panama
- M. brevispina (Keyserling, 1864) – Panama to Argentina
- M. carimagua (Levi, 1985) – Colombia, Venezuela
- M. clypeata (Walckenaer, 1805) – Panama to Peru
- M. coca Levi, 1985 – Colombia to Brazil
- M. cornuta (Taczanowski, 1873) – Colombia to Brazil
- M. coroico Levi, 1985 – Bolivia
- M. crassa (Keyserling, 1864) – Costa Rica to Argentina
- M. crassispina (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina
- M. cubana (Banks, 1909) – Cuba
- M. cucharas (Levi, 1985) – Peru
- M. cyanospina (Lucas, 1835) – Colombia to Brazil
- M. decorata Chickering, 1960 – Colombia
- M. digitata (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Brazil
- M. donaldi Chickering, 1961 – Costa Rica to Colombia
- M. duodecimspinosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Guatemala to Colombia
- M. elongata (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia
- M. embira Levi, 1985 – Colombia, Brazil
- M. evansi Chickering, 1960 – Panama, Trinidad to Brazil
- M. excavata (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Panama to Brazil
- M. exlinae Levi, 1985 – Peru, Brazil
- M. fidelis (Banks, 1909) – Costa Rica to Argentina
- M. fissispina (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Brazil, French Guiana
- M. flaveola (Perty, 1839) – Costa Rica to Argentina
- M. forcipata (Thorell, 1859) – Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola
- Micrathena f. argentata Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
- M. funebris (Marx, 1898) – USA to Costa Rica
- M. furcata (Hahn, 1822) – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
- M. furcula (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Guatemala to Brazil
- M. furva (Keyserling, 1892) – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
- M. gaujoni Simon, 1897 – Ecuador, Colombia
- M. glyptogonoides Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- M. gracilis (Walckenaer, 1805) – North, Central America
- M. guayas Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- M. guerini (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia
- M. gurupi Levi, 1985 – Brazil, Suriname
- M. hamifera Simon, 1897 – Ecuador to Brazil
- M. horrida (Taczanowski, 1873) – Greater Antilles, Mexico to Argentina
- Micrathena h. tuberculata Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
- M. huanuco Levi, 1985 – Colombia, Peru
- M. jundiai Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- M. kirbyi (Perty, 1833) – Colombia to Brazil
- M. kochalkai Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- M. lata Chickering, 1960 – Brazil, Argentina
- M. lenca Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- M. lepidoptera Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Costa Rica to Colombia
- M. lindenbergi Mello-Leitão, 1940 – Brazil
- M. lucasi (Keyserling, 1864) – Mexico to Brazil
- M. macfarlanei Chickering, 1961 – Panama to Brazil
- M. margerita Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- M. marta Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- M. miles Simon, 1895 – Brazil, Guyana, Peru
- M. militaris (Fabricius, 1775) – Greater Antilles
- M. mitrata (Hentz, 1850) – USA to Brazil
- M. molesta Chickering, 1961 – Nicaragua to Panama
- M. necopinata Chickering, 1960 – Colombia, Peru, Brazil
- M. nigrichelis Strand, 1908 – Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
- M. osa (Levi, 1985) – Costa Rica
- M. parallela (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Costa Rica, Panama
- M. patruelis (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
- M. peregrinatorum (Holmberg, 1883) – Brazil, Argentina
- M. perfida Magalhaes, Martins, Nogueira & Santos, 2017 – Brazil
- M. petrunkevitchi Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- M. pichincha Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- M. picta (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Guyana to Paraguay
- M. pilaton Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- M. plana (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Virgin Is. to Argentina
- M. pungens (Walckenaer, 1841) – Colombia to Bolivia
- M. pupa Simon, 1897 – Colombia, Ecuador
- M. quadriserrata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico to Venezuela
- M. raimondi (Taczanowski, 1879) – Peru, Ecuador
- M. reali Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- M. reimoseri Mello-Leitão, 1935 – Brazil
- M. rubicundula (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia, Ecuador
- M. rufopunctata (Butler, 1873) – Jamaica
- M. ruschii (Mello-Leitão, 1945) – Brazil
- M. saccata (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Honduras to Brazil
- M. sagittata (Walckenaer, 1841) – North, Central America
- M. sanctispiritus Brignoli, 1983 – Brazil, Argentina
- M. schenkeli Mello-Leitão, 1939 – Trinidad to Paraguay
- M. schreibersi (Perty, 1833) – Nicaragua to Brazil
- M. sexspinosa (Hahn, 1822) – Mexico to Brazil
- M. shealsi Chickering, 1960 – Argentina
- M. similis Bryant, 1945 – Hispaniola
- M. soaresi Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- M. spinosa (Linnaeus, 1758) – Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil
- M. spinulata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico
- M. spitzi Mello-Leitão, 1932 – Brazil, Argentina
- M. striata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico, Guatemala
- M. stuebeli (Karsch, 1887) – Colombia, Ecuador
- M. swainsoni (Perty, 1833) – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
- M. teresopolis Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- M. triangularis (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Trinidad to Brazil
- M. triangularispinosa (De Geer, 1778) – Trinidad to Bolivia
- M. triserrata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico to Belize
- M. tziscao Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- M. ucayali Levi, 1985 – Peru, Brazil
- M. vigorsi (Perty, 1833) – Colombia to Brazil
- M. woytkowskii (Levi, 1985) – Colombia, Peru
- M. yanomami Magalhaes & Santos, 2011 – French Guiana, Brazil, Peru
- M. zilchi Kraus, 1955 – Mexico to El Salvador
In North America
Although the genus includes over a hundred species, only four are found in the United States and Canada. Among those four species, female spined micrathena (Micrathena gracilis) have five pairs of conical tubercles, female M. mitrata have two short posterior pairs, and female arrow-shaped micrathena (M. sagittata) have three pairs. Only two species are recorded from Canada, being M. sagittata, found primarily in the Pinery Provincial Park, and M. gracilis, which is more widespread.
References
- ^ "Gen. Micrathena Sundevall, 1833". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- Magalhaes, I. L. F.; Santos, A. J. (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166: 29.
- Levi, H. W. (1985). "The spiny orb-weaver genera Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 150: 440.
- Scharff, N. (1991). "On the synonymy of Thaumastobella mourei Mello-Leitão and Ildibaha albomaculata Keyserling (Araneae, Araneidae)". Journal of Arachnology. 19: 155.
- ^ "Genus Micrathena". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- Sundevall, C. J. (1833). Conspectus Arachnidum.
- Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society.
- Magalhaes, Ivan L F; Santos, Adalberto J. (September 2012). "Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (1): no. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00831.x. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
- Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Blackledge, Todd A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Framenau, Volker W.; Szűts, Tamás; Hayashi, Cheryl Y.; Dimitrov, Dimitar (23 April 2019). "Phylogeny of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)". Cladistics. 36 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/cla.12382. hdl:1956/22200. PMID 34618955. S2CID 149824795.
- Hentz, N. M. (1850). "Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States". Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 18–35, 271–295.
- "Genus Micrathena". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Micrathena | |