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Karbi

Arlêng
A Karbi elder in traditional attire, wearing a Poho (white turban), a choi-hongthor (woven jacket), a lek paikom (gold-plated necklace) and another poho on his right shoulder
Total population
N/A
Regions with significant populations
India	528,503 (2011)
Karbi Anglong (Assam)	511,732 (2011 census)
Arunachal Pradesh	1536
Meghalaya	14380
Mizoram	8
Nagaland	584
Bangladesh	N/A
Languages
Karbi language, Amri language
Religion
Animism (46,54%), Hinduism (38,1), Christianity (15,00%), Others (0,36%)
Related ethnic groups
Other Tibeto-Burman groups (Chin people, Kuki people, Dimasa people, Naga people, Bamar people)

Part of a series on the
Culture of Assam
HistoryProto-historic Pragjyotisha kingdom Classical Kamarupa kingdom Medieval Dimasa–Kachari kingdom Kamata Kingdom Sutiya kingdom Baro-Bhuyan Ahom kingdom (Singarigharutha) Modern Colonial Assam Assam Province
PeopleAssamese peoples Ahoms Brahmins Chutias Kaibartas Kalitas Muslims Sikhs Sylheti Scheduled tribes Boros Deoris Dimasas Karbis Misings Rabhas Rajbongshis Tea-tribes
LanguagesMajor  Asamiya (Kamarupi Prakrit · Goalpariya dialects) Script Minor Boro Hajong Kachari Karbi Kochi Rabha Sylheti Tiwa Extinct Ahom
Traditions Gamosa Hengdang Jaapi Kirtans, Namghars Lagundeoni Mekhela chador Pujas Riha Satras Silk (Eri, Muga, Pat) Xorai ]
Mythology and folklore Birinchi Kumar Barua Chand Sadagar Goalpariya Lokogeet Kamrupi Lokgeet
Cuisine Judima Masor Tenga Narikol'or Laru Pitha Poitabhat Tea Til'or Laru
Festivals Ali Ai Ligang Ambubachi Mela Bihu Durga Puja Me-Dam-Me-Phi Sahitya Sabhas
ReligionMajor  Hinduism (Panentheistic:  Ekasarana Dharma; Polytheistic:  Shaktism)  Islam  Christianity Others  Ahom  Animism  Bathouism  Buddhism  Jainism  Sikhism
Art Cultural development of Kamarupa Vrindavani vastra
LiteratureHistory Beginnings Orunodoi Era Jonaki Era Archives Charyapads Kotha Ramayana The Orunodoi The Jonaki The Hemkosh Kodom Koli Genres Poetry Novels Folk literature Institutions Assam Sahitya Sabha Awards Assam Ratna Assam Sahitya Sabha Award Assam Valley Literary Award Kamal Kumari Foundation Award Krishnakanta Handique Award
Music and performing arts Folk dances Guwahati Theatre Festival Kohinoor Theatre
Media Cinema Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival Filmfare Awards East Gauhati Cine Club Joymoti (first Assamese motion picture) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese
Monuments Tamreswari Temple
Symbols Coat of arms O Mur Apunar Desh (anthem)
Organisations Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti
v t e

The Karbis or Mikir are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group in Northeast India. They are mostly concentrated in the hill districts of Karbi Anglong and West Karbi Anglong of Assam.

Etymology

The origin of the word Karbi is unknown. Historically and by ancestry they called themselves Arleng (literally "man" in Karbi language) and are called Karbi by others. They were referred to and identified as "Mikir" during British rule. The term Mikir is now considered derogatory. There is no definitive meaning of the word Mikir in Karbi language. The closest meaning of Mikir could be said to be derived from "Mekar" (English: People).

Overview

The Karbi community is the principal indigenous community in the Karbi Anglong district and West Karbi Anglong district of the Indian State of Assam. The districts are administered as per the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, having been granted autonomy on 17 November 1951. Besides the Karbi Anglong district, the Karbi-inhabited areas include Dima Hasao, Kamrup Metropolitan, Hojai, Morigaon, Nagaon, Golaghat, Karimganj, Lakhimpur, Sonitpur and Biswanath Chariali districts of Assam; Balijan circle of Papumpare district in Arunachal Pradesh; Jaintia Hills, Ri Bhoi, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills districts in Meghalaya; Dimapur District in Nagaland, Mizoram and Sylhet district of Bangladesh with disproportionate distribution. However, Karbis in other Indian states like Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland are unable to identify themselves as belonging to the Scheduled Tribes, as the Constitution of India only recognises 'Mikir'. With a population of around 4 lakhs 21 thousand (421,156) as per 2011 Census, the Karbis constitute a large community.

History

The Karbis linguistically belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. The original home of the various people speaking Tibeto-Burman languages was in western China near the Yang-Tee-Kiang and the Howang-ho rivers and from these places, they went down the courses of the Brahmaputra, the Chindwin, and the Irrawaddy and entered India and Burma. The Karbis, along with others, entered North East India from Central Asia or from South East Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia or the Philippines.

The folklore of the Karbis, however, indicate that during the long past, once they used to live on the banks of the rivers the Kalang and the Kopili, along with Tiwas and Borahis, and the entire Kaziranga area, the famous National Park situated in Assam, was within their habitation. There are also stone monuments, monolithic & megalithic structures laying scattered in various parts of West Karbi Anglong district which forms a part of folklore narratives and are yet to be properly researched. During the reigns of the Dimasa Kachari kings, they were driven to the hills and some of them entered into Jaintia hills, the erstwhile Jaintia Kingdom and lived under Jaintia suzerainty.

While a section of the Karbis remained in the Jaintia kingdom, others moved towards the north-east by crossing the river Barapani, a tributary of the Kopili and entered into the Rongkhang Ranges. There they established their capital at a place called Socheng. The Karbis who migrated to the Ahom Kingdom had to face the Burmese invasion.

The Burmese who invaded Assam perpetrated inhumane oppression on the people. The Karbis took refuge in the deep jungles and high hills leaving their hearth and home in the sub-mountainous regions. While some of the Karbis migrated to Western Assam, some had crossed the Brahmaputra and settled in the north bank which today encompasses the districts of Biswanath, Sonitpur and Lakhimpur.

Religion

Many inland Karbis follow Animism as their religions that has been influenced by their culture and traditions. The practitioners of Animism believe in reincarnation and honor their ancestors even though with despite the significant Hindu religious plan and influence of the Vaishnavism variation. The Karbi religion and belief system is based on ritual ancestor worship, worship of household and territorial deities, and rituals for their ancestors, known as 'Karhi'. Practically, it is the 'Hemphu-Mukrang' duo that dominates the Karbi Pantheon Thus, those Karbis who still follows the traditional practices are known as the followers of 'Hemphu-Mukrang' for which they prefer themselves as 'Hemphu-Mukrang aso' which means Son of Hemphu and Mukrang. The Karbi deities can be divided into three groups according to their function and these are Hem-Angtar, Rongker and Thengpi-Thengso.

The Karbis have no idols, temples or shrines but they do worship the spirits of each particular space, area or territories called ‘Longri Arnam’ (territorial deities), which in Assamese in known as than (sacred place or groves).

In recent years, with the spread of new faiths (Aron Kimi), a number of new religious movements have come to fore, such as Lokhimon (A variation of Vaishnavism founded by Lokhon Ingti Hensek), Karbi Bhaktitom Trust (Founded by Smt. Ambika Tokbipi), Sat Sang (A reform of Hinduism founded by Thakur Anukul Chandra) and Honghari. These religious movements have influenced a section of Karbi population in the district.

Culture and tradition

Language

The Karbis mainly speak their native language, i.e. Karbi language. Karbis are well versed in Assamese which is used as lingua-franca to communicate with other indigenous Assamese communities. Many of the plain Karbis use Assamese as their mother tongue. Several Assamese loan words have made their way into the Karbi Language and this is apparent in most parts of Karbi Anglong. For example, Kaam (Assamese origin word) is used in place of Sai which means Work in English. Even Assamese also has loan words. For example "Hanseronk Tenga" ( Karbi origin word) "Hanseronk". There are also minute variations in native Karbi language that can be observed in different geographical regions inhabited by the Karbis. For example, the Plain Karbis and Hill Karbis.

Clan

The Karbis are a patrilineal society. They are composed of five major clans or Kur. They are Engti (Lijang), Terang (Hanjang), Enghee (Ejang), Teron (Kronjang) and Timung (Tungjang) which are again divided into many sub-clans such as Tisso, Rongpi, Bey and others.

Marriage

Clans in Karbi are exogamous, in other words, marriages between members of the same clan are not allowed because they are considered brothers and sisters among themselves. Cousin Marriage (in-laws, Mother & Father side) is highly favoured and so is a love marriage. Arranged marriages are rarely seen in modern Karbi society. After marriage, neither the bride nor the groom changes their surname i.e. they retain their original surname. Due to the same reason, a member of the same clan cannot marry each other. The children of the couple would inherit the surname of their father. The notion of Dowry doesn't exist in Karbi, as well as in the indigenous people of Northeast India region.

Governance

The traditional system of governance is headed by the Lindok, the king, who is assisted by the Katharpo, the Dilis, the Habes, and the Pinpos. These posts of administration, however, are now merely ceremonial with no real power.

Festivals

The Karbis celebrate many festivals. Among them Hacha-Kekan, Chojun, Rongker, Peng Karkli, Thoi Asor Rit Asor and Botor Kekur are some such festivals held around the year and some of them are held at a specific time of the year. Botor Kekur is celebrated to request God to grace the earth with rain so that the crops could be sown.

Rongker

This festival is celebrated after finishing harvesting of crops, mainly rice. Rongker is celebrated either on 5 January or on 5 February as per the convenience of the villagers as a thanksgiving to God and asking for their assurance to protect them from any evil harm that may happen to the village and the people living in it.

Death

The Chomangkan (also known as "thi-karhi") is a festival of the Karbis. It is a ceremony conducted by a family to ensure the peace and safe passage of the soul of a deceased family member. The ceremony may be held recently or long after their death and is the final homage for the deceased person as no further death anniversary is held again.

Karbi Youth Festival

This is a yearly festival celebrated by Karbi people. The festival motto is to preserve Karbis dying culture and traditions.

Clothing and Ornaments

Karbis have their own traditional attire. Their clothing resembles Southeast Asian clothing, but with varied materials and design.

The traditional attire of women consists of Pini, Pekok, Vamkok and Jiso. Pini is a type of skirt of black colour and worn around the waist tied with a belt. It can be of different designs like jangre, santok, honki ranchom, marbong homkri, ahi cherop, chamburukso apini, mekserek etc. Pekok is a square piece of cloth tied at the right shoulder. It can be of different colours and designs like pe sleng, pe duphirso, pe khonjari, pe luru, pe jangphong and pe sarpi. Pe sarpi is generally for older women, pe sleng, pe jangphong is for middle-aged women while pe duphirso is meant for young women. Vamkok is a belt used to tie the Pini tight at the waist. It has colourful fringes at both the length ends and can be found in designs like amekpi, amekso, abermung, thoithesuri angphar, suve arvo and phonglong angsu etc. Jiso is a long black cloth with designs and decorated fringes at the length end worn to cover the breasts. Nowadays it has been replaced by the blouse.

The attire of men includes Choi, Poho, Rikong and Sator. Choi is the jacket worn by men. These are of different types like choi hongthor, choi ik, choi ang, choi miri etc. Choi hongthor a ki-ik, choi hongthor ake-lok are meant for young men. While choi ang, choi miri are for middle aged and aged men. Poho is worn around the head or used as a muffler. The different kinds of poho include the simple long white poho, poho ke-er, and poho kelok. Rikong is the loin cloth worn by men during work, but it is rarely used now. It is of various types like rikong jongjong with colourful designs and simple white rikong bamon. Sator is a white piece of cloth worn by men around the waist as the dhoti covering the whole length of the legs. A long pe seleng is also used as sator with colourful designs all over and borders at both the length end which covers up to the knee.

In the case of ornaments, the Karbi society has certain rules. Karbi women are usually not allowed to wear gold ornaments, which are reserved for men. Since women wear more ornaments than men, silver is abundantly used. A distinct piece of ornament that Karbi women wear around their necks in silver is Lek. Leks are made of coins and colourful beads too and are locally known by the name of Ser Alek Pongting, Lek Pengkhara, Lek Bonghom, Lek Waikom, Lek Jingjiri, etc. Men too wear Leks – in gold. The traditional names of lek that men wear are Lek Ruve, Lek Sobai and Lek Manduli. Many of these ornaments are unfortunately no longer commonly found. Like women in any other community, Karbi women too wear bracelets, called Roi. A variety of Rois are in use such as Roi Pengkhara, Roi Ke-er, Roi Kelok, etc. The ornaments that women wear to adorn their ears are called No Thengpi. Again, there are different types of No Thengpis, such as Thengpi Angrongkatengbai, Angrong Kangchim, etc. Men of the tribe too wear ear ornaments. They are called Norik, made of gold or silver. The rings that Karbis wear are called Arnan. Arnan Ke-et, Arnan Kelop, Rup Bonda, Ser Bonda and Vokapardon Arnan are some of the rings that Karbis commonly flaunt on their fingers. Karbi priests wear arnans only made of copper.

Traditionally, a characteristic feature of a Karbi woman was her facial tattoo, dyed with indigo from the forehead down to the chin. Locally referred as 'duk' in Karbi dialect, the tattoo was a symbol of culture, purity and status in the society. It was believed that duk was not a mere tattoo but possessed the divinity to purify the soul; girls who had not received duk were considered immature and unholy.

Music and musical instruments

Karbi have a rich oral tradition with songs, which are different from normal spoken words. These songs are an oral narration of ancestors' stories passed through generations. Karbi history has been carried forward through narrative songs. Thanks to Rangsina Sarpo, the first mentor of music, art and culture of the Karbis, who was believed to have enlightened them and brought a renaissance in the domain of art and aesthetics by acting like a sauntering folk singer assisted by the Mirjeng brothers. Karbi musical instruments are similar to other indigenous tribal musical instruments. The difference is in the variance of play and beat.

Economy

The Karbis residing in hilly areas traditionally practice jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn cultivation) whereas those dwelling in the plains earn their livelihood by engaging in agriculture and livestock rearing. They grow a variety of crops which include foodgrains, vegetables and fruits like rice, maize, potato, sweet potato, tapioca, beans, ginger, and turmeric. They are quite self-sufficient and have homestead gardens with betel nut, jackfruit, oranges, pineapple, pear, peach, plum, etc. which fulfill their nutritional as well as food needs. However, with the integration of the traditional lifestyle with the market economy, many of the traditional institutions and way of life has been left damaged, bringing about unending sufferings on the people.

As of 2003, the district of Karbi Anglong has the highest HPI (Human Poverty Index) value of 33.52 within the entire state of Assam.

See also

• Karbi Youth Festival
• Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council
• List of Scheduled Tribes in Assam
• Amri language
• Karen people

References

1. "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India".
2. ^ Census of India – Socio-cultural aspects, Table ST-14 (Compact disc), Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs
3. "639 Identifier Documentation: aho – ISO 639-3". SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). SIL International. Retrieved 29 June 2019. Ahom
4. "Population by Religious Communities". Census India – 2001. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019. Census Data Finder/C Series/Population by Religious Communities
5. "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. 2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01 MDDS.XLS
6. ^ Bori, Kamala Kanta (2012). Oral narratives of the Karbis an analytical study (PhD thesis). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/115233.
7. "Multitree | The LINGUIST List". linguistlist.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
8. "Meaning of Mikir". Karbis Of Assam. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
9. "District Profile of Karbi Anglong". karbianglong.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
10. "Tribes and Culture | Karbi Anglong District | Government Of Assam, India". karbianglong.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
11. Teron, D. (2011). Karbi Studies (Vol-2). Guwahati: Assam Book Hive.
12. Hanse, H.M. (2007). Traditional Dwelling Process of Karbis. In P.C. Patniak & D.Borah (Eds), Tribes of India: Identity, Culture, and Lore (pp.61-79) Guwahati: Angik Prakashan
13. Phangcho, P.C. (2003). The Karbis of North-East India. Guwahati: AngGik Prakashan.
14. Terang, C.K. (2007). "Festival and Beliefs of the Karbi Tribe". In P.C. Patnaik; D. Borah (eds.). Tribes of India: Identity, Culture, and Lore (Special Focus on the Karbis of Assam). Guwahati: Angik Prakashan.
15. Bhattacharjee, Somenath (5 April 2020). "Tradition and Contemporary Changes in the Religious Belief of the Karbi People in Karbi Anglong, Assam". The Anthropologist. 40 (1–3). doi:10.31901/24566802.2020/40.1-3.2054.
16. Mishra, S.S. and R.P. Athparia.(1995). Impact of Urbanization on the Karbis of Assam. In J.B. Ganguly (Ed.), Urbanization and Development in North-East India: Trends and Policy Implications (pp.199-205). New Delhi: Deep & Deep.
17. Borthakur, Sashin (1 January 2014). "A History of Duk Facial tattooing with indigo dye of the Karbi women of Northeast India". The Turkey Red Journal. 8.
18. Government of Assam (2003). Assam Human Development Report 2003 (PDF) (Report). United Nations Development Programme. p. 20. Retrieved 27 November 2024.

External links

• Karbi Anglong District information
• More information on Karbis of Assam
• Ethnography of Karbis
• Ethnologue profile, old profile
• MEETING THE THREAT OF CONVERSION: The Emerging Healthy Trends
• Indian Catholic, Christian leaders gather warring ethnic groups for peace
• The Mikirs, a cultural treatise by Edward Stack, Indian Civil Service, 1908, at Project Gutenberg

v t e Hill tribes of Northeast India
Mizoram	Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Kuki Tribes (see below) Mara Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Synteng (Pnar)
Nagaland	Garo Bodo-Kachari Kuki Mikir (Karbi) Naga
Meghalaya	Bodo-Kachari Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Koch Kuki Tribes (see below) Lakher (Mara) Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Raba, Rava Synteng (Pnar)
Arunachal Pradesh	Abor (Galo) Aka (Hruso) Apatani Dafla (Nyishi) Galong Khowa (Bugun) Mishmi (inc. Miju Mishmi) Momba (inc. Chugpa, Lishipa, Takpa) Naga tribes (inc. Nocte, Tangsa, Tutsa, Wancho) Sherdukpen Singpho (Jingpo) Tai peoples (inc. Khampti, Khamyang, Phake) Adi (inc. Bori, Padam) Deori Khamba Lisu Memba Miji Mikir (Karbi) Minyong Mishing (Miri) Nga Puroik Zekhring
Manipur	Aimol Anal Chiru Chothe Gangte Hmar Inpui Koirao (Thangal) Koireng Kom Lamkang Liangmai Mao Maram Maring Mizo (Lushai) tribes Monsang Moyon Paite Purum Ralte Rongmei Simte Suhte (Paite) Tangkhul Thadou Vaiphei Zeme Zou
Tripura	Bhil Bhutia Chaimal Chakma Garoo Halam Jamatia Khasia Kuki Lepcha Lushai (Mizo) Mag Munda, Kaur Noatia Riang Santal Tripuri Uchoi
Assam	Chakma Dimasa (Kachari) Garo Hajong Hmar Khasi and Jaintia (inc. Khasi Synteng or Pnar, War, Bhoi or Lyngngam) Kuki Tribes (see below) Lakher (Mara) Man (Tai speaking) Mizo (Lushai) tribes Mikir (Karbi) Naga tribes Pawi (Lai) Synteng (Pnar)
Sikkim	Bhutia (including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa, Kagatey, Sherpa, Tibetan, Tromopa, Yolmo) Lepcha
Kuki tribes including:	Biate Changsan Chongloi Doungel Gamalhou Gangte Guite Hanneng Haokip, Haupit Haolai Hengna Hongsung Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol Jongbe Khawchung Khawathlang, Khothalong Khelma Kholhou Kipgen Kuki Lengthang Lhangum Lhoujem Lhouvun Lupheng Mangjel Misao Riang Sairhem Selnam Singson Sitlhou Sukte Thado Thangngeu Uibuh Vaiphei
Naga tribes including:	Anāl Angami Ao Chang Chakhesang Chirr Chiru Chothe Inpui Kharam Khiamniungan Konyak Lainong Lamkang Liangmai Lotha Makury Mao Maram Maring Monsang Moyon Nocte Para Pochury Phom Poumai Rengma Rongmei Sangtam Sumi Tangkhul Tangsa Tarao Thangal Tikhir Tutsa Wancho Yimkhiung Zeme
See also List of Scheduled Tribes in India

40°19′52″N 44°22′35″E / 40.3311°N 44.3764°E / 40.3311; 44.3764

• Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
• Social groups of Assam
• Tribes of Assam
• Karbi Anglong district
• Sino-Tibetan-speaking people
• Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya
• Scheduled Tribes of Assam
• Scheduled Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
• Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland
• Ethnic groups in Northeast India
• Ethnic groups in South Asia
• Tribes of India