| East Chadic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | southern Chad and northern Cameroon |
| Linguistic classification | Afro-Asiatic
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| Subdivisions |
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| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | east2632 |
 East Chadic per Newman (1977) | |
The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.
Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as Hadjarai peoples. The largest East Chadic language is Nancere.
Languages
The branches of East Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.
The East Chadic B classification follows that of Lovestrand (2012).
- East Chadic
Peust (2018), however, has a somewhat different phylogenetic classification for East Chadic. The most striking change is the repositioning of Mokilko (B.2) from East Chadic B to East Chadic A, where it now constitutes the first branch to separate, followed by Lele-Nancere (A.2.1). Within East Chadic B, he treats the Mubi group (B.1.2) as the first primary branching, with all the rest forming a subgroup divided between Dangla (B.1.1) in the north and Barain plus Sokoro (B.3 and B.4) in the south.
East Chadic A is distributed primarily in Tandjilé and neighbouring regions. East Chadic B is distributed primarily in Guéra and neighbouring regions.
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A, A.1 | Somrai | mə́n | sə́r | súbù | wōdə̄ | jì | kubì | wúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ? | də̀ná sə́r (10–2) | də̀ná mə́n (10–1) | mwàtʃ |
| A, A.1 | Tumak | mə̀n | hɛ̀ | sùb | wōrī | ùsì | ùɡì | ɗáksùb | wāwār (2 x 4) ? | bìsāmə̄n (10–1) ? | kwàr |
| A, A.2 | Gabri | pɔ̀n | wɔ̄ | sùbū | pɔ́rbú | bày | jī | jūrɡú | mārɡə́ | tə́nɡɛ̄sə́ | mɔ̀tʃ |
| A, A.2, 1 | Kimré | pɔn | wɔ | subu | pɔrbu | bai | dʒi | dʒurɡəm | marɡə | diŋɡɛsə | mɔdʒ |
| A, A.2, 1 | Lele | pínà | sò | súbà | pórìŋ | bày | ménèŋ | mátòlíŋ | juruɡù | célà | ɡoro |
| A, A.2, 1 | Nancere | pə̀nà | sùwœ̀ | sàb | pə̄rí | bày | mə̀nə̀ | màtàl | pə̄rpə̄ndə̄ | tʃélə̄ | ɡùwàrə̀ |
| A, A.3 | Kera | mə́ná | ɓásí | sóópe | wááɗe | wííɗíw / suŋku mə́ná | kə́nə́kí | sééɗa | ásəɡə̀n | támbə̀là | mánhòr / suŋku ɓásí |
| A, A.3 | Kwang (Kwong) | mɪn | ra | sɪpa | wuɗa | wiʔyɪm | sɪdəəŋ | bʊkʊr | kada | bɪdaamna | ruko |
| B, B.1, 1 | Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1) | ke | siɗi | subaŋ | paɗaŋ | beeyʼeŋ | peŋkeyʼ (5 + 1) | pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2) | porpoɗ (2 x 4) | peŋda | orro |
| B, B.1, 1 | Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2) | keʔeŋ (masculine), kaɗya (feminine) | siɗì | subaŋ | paaɗaŋ | bèeʔeŋ | pénkeʔ (5 + 1) | píisit (5 + 2) | porpoɗ (2 x 4) | penda | ɔ̀rrɔ̀ |
| B, B.1, 1 | Dangla (Dangaléat) | ɾákkí | sɛ́ɛrɔ́ | súbbà | pooɗí | bɛɛɗì | bidɡèɗ | pɛ̀ɛ́sírà | póɗpóɗ | parkà | ɔ̀rɔ̀kì |
| B, B.1, 1 | Mawa (1) | pəni | ɾap | sup | paːt | bij | baːpat (5 + 1) ? | bamat | patpat (2 x 4) | kapinikara (10–1) ? | kaːjan |
| B, B.1, 1 | Mawa (2) | pənni | rap | sup | pat | bii | biaapan (5 + 1) ? | biamat | patpat (2 x 4) | kuapinikara (10–1) ? | kuayan |
| B, B.1, 1 | Migama (1) | káƴì | séèrà | súbbà | póoɗí | béeƴá | bízɡíƴÍ | pàysárà | póppóɗí (2 x 4) | párnàkáƴÍ (10–1) | ʔórrò |
| B, B.1, 1 | Migama (2) | káɗyì | séèrà | súbbà | póoɗí | béeɗyá | bízɡíɗyì | pàysárà | póppóɗí (2 x 4) | pârnàkáɗyì (10 -1) | ʔôrrò |
| B, B.1, 1 | Mogum | kɛ̀ (m), kā (f) | sɛ̀ | sup | poot | bey | mik | payse | porpide | barkɛt | orrok |
| B, B.1, 1 | Ubi | piina | muɗu | suɓa | poɗa | bɛɛja | bɛɛpɛne (5 + 1) | bɛɛmuɗu (5 + 2) | porpoɗa (2 x 4) | kojpane (litː 'koj = hand') | orok |
| B, B.1, 2 | Mubi (1) | fíní | sìr | súɓà | fádà | bíɗyà | ìstàlà | béesír | fàrbàt | férbínì | kúrúk |
| B, B.1, 2 | Mubi (2) | fini | sir | suba | fada | bija | istala | besir | farbad | ferbine | kuruk |
| B, B.1, 2 | Zerenkel | pínné | siirí | sùbbà | páɗɗá | bíƴƴá | istala | bèèsiri | paarpaɗì | paarpinò | kúrúkí |
| B, B.2 | Mukulu | sò(ò) / só(ó) | sìré | áɗó | pìɗé | páá(t) | zóó(t) | sárá(t) | ɡéssírè | ɡéssá(t) | kòòmá(t) |
| B, B.3 | Barein | paniŋ | sidi | subu | pudu | dawsu | dasumaniŋ (5 + 1) | dasisidi (5 + 2) | dasusubu (5 + 3) | dasumpudu (5 + 4) | kur |
| B, B.3 | Sokoro | kéttì / ker̃í | móɗù | súbà | paʔáɗà | biʔà | bépini | bémoɗù | béʃíba | bépʌɗʌ̀ | ór̃kà |
References
- "Glottolog 4.7 – East Chadic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-313-27918-7.
- Chapelle, Jean (1981). Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 178–179. ISBN 2-85802-169-4.
- ^ Peust, Carsten (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). doi:10.24425/for.2018.124686.
- Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms); Buso deleted as a separate branch per Hammarström (2015)
- ^ Languages in both the Nancere and Gabri branches go by the names of Kimre and Gabri. The two branches together are sometimes also called Gabri.
- Lovestrand, Joseph (2012). "Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B)" (PDF). SIL Electronic Working Papers 2012-004. SIL International.
- Kujargé appears to have ties with the Mubi languages, but perhaps not genetic ones. Its classification is uncertain.
- Previously classified as Dangla
- Oxfam and Office National de Développement Rural (ONDR). 2016. Atlas de la vulnérabilité dans le Guera. Première partie: synthèse regional. 2nd edition (updated from 2013 edition). PASISAT (Projet d'Appui à l'Amélioration du Système d'Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Tchad).
- Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
| East Chadic languages | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Chadic (A) |
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| East Chadic (B) |
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| Italics indicate extinct languages. See also: Chadic languages | |||||||||||