Misplaced Pages

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Montagnais
Innu-aimun
"Buckle up your children" sign in Innu-aimun, in the Nutashkuan reserve near Natashquan, Quebec
Native to	Canada
Region	Nitassinan (Quebec, Labrador)
Ethnicity	Innu
Native speakers	10,075, 36% of ethnic population (2016 census)
Language family	Algic Algonquian Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi Montagnais
Language codes
ISO 639-3	moe
Glottolog	mont1268
Linguasphere	62-ADA-bb
Eastern Montagnais is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Innu-aimun or Montagnais is an Algonquian language spoken by over 10,000 Innu in Labrador and Quebec in Eastern Canada. It is a member of the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum and is spoken in various dialects depending on the community.

Literature

Since the 1980s, Innu-aimun has had considerable exposure in the popular culture of Canada and France due to the success of the rock music band Kashtin and the later solo careers of its founders Claude McKenzie and Florent Vollant. Widely heard hit songs with Innu-language lyrics have included "Ish-kuess" ("Girl"), "E Uassiuian" ("My Childhood"), "Tipatshimun" ("Story") and in particular "Akua tuta" ("Take care of yourself"), which appeared on soundtrack compilations for the television series Due South and the documentary Music for The Native Americans. The lyrics of Akua Tuta are featured on over 50 websites, making this one of the most broadly accessible pieces of text written in any native North American language. Florent Vollant has also rendered several well-known Christmas carols into Innu in his 1999 album Nipaiamianan.

In 2013, "a comprehensive pan-Innu dictionary, covering all the Innu dialects spoken in Quebec and Labrador published in Innu, English and French."

Phonology

Innu-aimun has the following phonemes (with the standard orthography equivalents in angle brackets, this section discusses the Sheshatshit dialect):

Consonants

1. /l/ only exists in the southern dialects of Mashteuiatsh and Betsiamites. Other dialects, including the standard orthography, use /n/ in those positions.

The plosives are voiced to between vowels. /ʃ/ frequently merges with /h/ in younger speakers (shīshīp 'duck').

Vowels

There are three pairs of so-called "long" and "short" vowels, and one long vowel with no short counterpart, though the length distinction is giving way to a place distinction. The column titles here refer chiefly to the place of articulation of the long vowel.

1. particularly after i
2. particularly before m

Macron accent marks over the long vowels are omitted in general writing. e is not written with a macron because there is no contrasting short e.

Grammar

Innu-aimun is a polysynthetic, head-marking language with relatively free word order. Its three basic parts of speech are nouns, verbs, and particles. Nouns are grouped into two genders, animate and inanimate, and may carry affixes indicating plurality, possession, obviation, and location. Verbs are divided into four classes based on their transitivity: animate intransitive (AI), inanimate intransitive (II), transitive inanimate (TI), and transitive animate (TA). Verbs may carry affixes indicating agreement (with both subject and object arguments), tense, mood, and inversion. Two different sets, or orders, of verbal affixes are used depending on the verb's syntactic context. In simple main clauses, the verb is marked using affixes of the independent order, whereas in subordinate clauses and content-word questions, affixes of the conjunct order are used.

Dialects

Innu-aimun is related to East Cree (Īyiyū Ayimūn – Northern/Coastal dialect and Īnū Ayimūn – Southern/Inland dialect) spoken by the James Bay Cree of the James Bay region of Quebec and Ontario and the Atikamekw (Nēhinawēwin and Nehirâmowin) of the Atikamekw (Nehiraw, Nehirowisiw) in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley of Quebec. Innu-aimun is divided into four dialects – Southern Montagnais (Mashteuiatsh, Betsiamites), Eastern Montagnais (Ekuanitshit, Nutashkuan, Unamen Shipu, Pakuashipi), Central Montagnais (Uashat and Maliotenam, Matimekosh) and Labrador-Montagnais (Sheshatshit). The speakers of the different dialects can communicate well with each other. The Naskapi language and culture are quite different from those of the Montagnais, in which the dialect changes from y to n as in Iiyuu versus Innu.

References

• Clarke, Sandra (1982). North-West River (Sheshātshīt) Montagnais: A grammatical sketch. National Museum of Man Mercury Series. Vol. 80. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. ISBN 978-1-77282-242-7.
• Clarke, Sandra; MacKenzie, Marguerite (2005). "Montagnais/Innu-aimun (Algonquian)". In Booij, Geert; Lehmann, Christian; Mugdan, Joachim; Skopeteas, Stavros; Kesselheim, Wolfgang (eds.). Morphology: An international handbook on inflection and word formation. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1411–1421. doi:10.1515/9783110172782.2.16.1411. ISBN 978-3-11-019427-2.
• Clarke, Sandra; MacKenzie, Marguerite (2006). Labrador Innu-aimun: An introduction to the Sheshatshiu dialect. St. John's, NL: Memorial University of Newfoundland. ISBN 0-88901-388-8.
• Drapeau, Lynn (1991). Dictionnaire montagnais-français. Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec.

Notes

1. "Aboriginal Mother Tongue (90), Single and Multiple Mother Tongue Responses (3), Aboriginal Identity (9), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Age (12) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 28 March 2018. 98-400-X2016363. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
3. Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
4. "Kashtin". realduesouth.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
5. Dooley, Danette (21 September 2013). "Linguistic defender". The Telegram. St. John's, Newfoundland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
6. Clarke, Sandra (1982). North-West River (Sheshatshit) Montagnais: A Grammatical Sketch (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
7. Baraby, Anne-Marie (2002). "The process of spelling standardization of Innu-aimun (Montagnais)" (PDF). In Burnaby, Barbara Jane; Reyhner, Jon Allan (eds.). Indigenous Languages Across the Community. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University. p. 208. ISBN 0-9670554-2-3. LCCN 2002002666.
8. Sometimes the dialects are also grouped as follows: Nehilawewin (Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect), Leluwewn (Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect), Innu-Aimûn (Eastern Montagnais)
9. "Montagnais and Naskapi – FREE Montagnais and Naskapi information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Montagnais and Naskapi research". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 31 July 2016.

External links

• Online pan-Innu dictionary
• Innu-aimun.ca Information about the language.
• Innu Aimun orthography and phonology (Languagegeek)
• Native Languages page for Montagnais Innu
• OLAC resources in and about the Montagnais language

v t e Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum
Classification	Macrofamily: Algic Family: Algonquian (see Proto-Algonquian language) Areal group: Central Algonquian
Western variants (Cree)	From west to east: Plains Cree Woods Cree Western Swampy Cree Eastern Swampy Cree and Moose Cree Atikamekw
Eastern variants (Montagnais-Naskapi)	From west to east: East Cree Northern East Cree Southern East Cree Naskapi Montagnais
Contact languages	Bungi Creole Michif language
See also	Bible translations into Cree Cree syllabics Western version Eastern version
Italics indicate extinct languages

• Innu culture
• Central Algonquian languages
• Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
• First Nations languages in Canada