Engraved metal plates are significant in the Latter Day Saint movement because in 1827, the founder, Joseph Smith, claimed to have obtained a set of engraved golden plates he had found four years earlier after being directed there by an angel. He claimed to have translated the engravings on the plates by divine power into English as the Book of Mormon, a religious text of that religious tradition.
Latter Day Saints believe that other engraved metal plates exist, many of which are mentioned in the Book of Mormon. In addition, Mormon apologists argue that the golden plates are part of a long tradition of writing on engraved metal plates in the Middle East.
The golden plates
Main article: Golden plates
The golden plates are a set of bound and engraved metal plates that Latter Day Saint denominations believe are the source of Joseph Smith's English translation of the Book of Mormon. Although several witnesses said they saw the plates, Smith said that he returned them to an angel after the translation was completed. Most Latter Day Saints assume their authenticity as a matter of faith.
Smith said he discovered the plates on September 22, 1823, on Cumorah hill, Manchester, New York, where he said they had been hidden in a buried box and protected for centuries by the angel Moroni, a resurrected ancient American prophet-historian, who had been last to write on them. Smith claimed that the angel required him to obey certain commandments prior to receiving them and that his inability to obey prevented him from obtaining the plates until four years later, on September 22, 1827.
During this period, Smith also began dictating written commandments in the voice of God, including a commandment to form a new church and to choose eleven men who would join Smith as witnesses of the plates. These witnesses later declared, in two separate written statements attached to the 1830 published Book of Mormon, that they had seen the plates.
The Book of Mormon is accepted by adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement as a sacred text.
Proposed secular origins
There have been a variety of secular theories proposed for the origins of the Book of Mormon's plates. These range from theories based on environmental influences to psychological theories to pranking that grew into the Mormon faith.
The most recent scholarship, by Sonia Hazard, argues that the plates were inspired by printing plates or something similar. Joseph Smith, in this theory, would have either encountered "plates" or similar objects, possibly even on the Hill Cumorah, and believed them to be ancient artifacts. Given the presence of witnesses who attested to physical encounters with the plates, Hazard argues that physical objects seem most likely to be the stimulus of the Book of Mormon and therefore the brass plates' narrative role.
In a similar vein, Ann Taves argues that the belief of Joseph Smith and others in the plates contributed to them perceiving a physical object. While, in Taves's view, the plates were not a material reality, they seemed to be so for the faith's eyewitnesses.
Peter Ingersoll, a contemporary of Smith, was quoted by Eber D. Howe as saying that the brass plates were in fact a bag of sand. Ingersoll then relates the story of Smith deceiving his family, the Three Witnesses, and the Eight Witnesses with said bag of sand. Ingersoll indicates that this was a joke that spiraled into the Mormon movement.
Book of Mormon
In addition to the golden plates, the Book of Mormon refers to several other sets of books written on metal plates:
- The brass plates, originally in the custody of Laban, containing the writings of Old Testament prophets before the Babylonian exile, as well as the otherwise unknown prophets Zenos, Zenoch, Neum, and possibly others.
- The large plates of Nephi, the source of the text abridged by Mormon and engraved on the golden plates.
- The small plates of Nephi, the source of the first and second books of Nephi, and the books of Jacob, Enos, Jarom and Omni, which replaced the lost 116 pages.
- The plates of Limhi
- A set of twenty-four plates found by the people of Limhi containing the record of the Jaredites, translated by King Mosiah, and abridged by Moroni as the Book of Ether.
Kinderhook plates
In 1843, Smith acquired a set of six small bell-shaped plates, known as the Kinderhook Plates, found in Kinderhook, Pike County, Illinois. The plates were manufactured and buried by three men who lived in Kinderhook, and who had intended the plates as a prank against the LDS community. Although Smith did not translate the plates, William Clayton, his secretary, wrote that Smith said they contained "the history of the person with whom they were found and he was a descendant of Ham through the loins of Pharaoh king of Egypt." As Richard Bushman has written:
"Joseph may not have detected the fraud, but he did not swing into a full-fledged translation as he had with the Egyptian scrolls. The trap did not quite spring shut, which foiled the conspirators original plan."
After Smith's death, the Kinderhook plates were presumed lost, and for decades the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) published facsimiles of them in its official History of the Church. In 1980, the Kinderhook Plates were tested at Brigham Young University and determined to have been manufactured during the nineteenth century. Today, the LDS Church acknowledges that the Kinderhook plates were a hoax.
Voree Plates
James J. Strang, one of many rival claimants to succeed Smith in the 1844 succession crisis, said that he had discovered and translated a set of plates known as the Voree Plates or "Voree Record." Like Smith, Strang produced witnesses to testify to his plates' authenticity. Although Strang's attempt to supplant Brigham Young as Smith's successor proved abortive, Smith's mother, Lucy Mack Smith, and for a time all living witnesses to the Book of Mormon, including the three Whitmers and Martin Harris (although perhaps excluding Oliver Cowdery), accepted "Strang's leadership, angelic call, metal plates, and his translation of these plates as authentic." Strang equally claimed to have discovered and translated the Plates of Laban spoken of in the Book of Mormon. As with the Voree Plates, Strang produced witnesses who authenticated them. Strang's purported translation of these plates was published in 1850 as the Book of the Law of the Lord, which together with the Voree Record, is accepted as Scripture by members of Strang's diminutive church, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite).
Mormon studies
Mormon apologist William J. Hamblin argued that the golden plates are part of a long tradition of writing on engraved metal plates in the ancient Mediterranean. There are many Hebrew specific examples of writings on metal plates, including a reference in Exodus 28:36 of the Bible of the high priest wearing an engraved gold plate, excavated silver plates containing Numbers 6:24-26 of the Bible dating to the seventh century BC, a treaty with the Romans engraved on bronze, a list of hidden temple treasures on the Copper Scroll from Qumran, and a third century AD ritual text referencing writings on metal plates or amulets numerous times. In addition, there are numerous other semitic examples of writings on metal plates including three foundation plates of copper, silver, and gold dating to the 24th century BC and earlier, Byblos syllabic inscriptions on copper plates from the 18th century BC, the Kilauea gold plates (830-825 BC) containing a short prayer, Sargon II writings on six metal plates of bronze, lead, silver, and gold from Khorsabad (714-705 BC) about temple building, and the Pyrgi gold plate from Italy (500-475 BC) of a religious dedication. Evidence of this tradition is the stone boxes of large gold and silver plates covering the Apanada hoard (515 BCE) excavated in 1933. Furthermore, the Mandaeans of Iran are reported to maintain their entire Book of John in metal book made entirely of lead plates.
Nevertheless, there is no known extant example of writing on metal plates from the ancient Mediterranean longer than the eight-page Persian codex, and none from any ancient civilization in the Western Hemisphere.
See also
Notes
- "Joseph Smith—History 1". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
- "Introduction to Revelations and Translations: Volume 5". www.josephsmithpapers.org. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
- Bushman, Rough Stone Rolling pp. 58–61, 77–79.
- Bushman, pp. 77–79.
- Hazard, Sonia (2021). "How Joseph Smith Encountered Printing Plates and Founded Mormonism". Religion and American Culture. 31 (2): 137–192. doi:10.1017/rac.2021.11.
- Taves, Ann (2014). "History and the Claims of Revelation: Joseph Smith and the Materialization of the Golden Plates". Numen. 61 (1–2): 182–207. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341315.
- Howe, Eber D. (1834). Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of That Singular Imposition and Delusion from Its Rise to the Present Time. With Sketches of the Characters of Its Propagators, and a Full Detail of the Manner in Which the Famous Golden Bible Was Brought Before the World. To Which Are Added, Inquiries into the Probability That the Historical Part of the Said Bible Was Written by One Solomon Spalding, More Than Twenty Years Ago, and by Him Intended to Have Been Published As a Romance. Eber D. Howe. pp. 235–236.
- Bushman (2005, p. 490) The original source is William Clayton's Journal, May 1, 1843 (See also, Trials of Discipleship — The Story of William Clayton, a Mormon, 117): "I have seen 6 brass plates ... covered with ancient characters of language containing from 30 to 40 on each side of the plates. Prest J. has translated a portion and says they contain the history of the person with whom they were found and he was a descendant of Ham through the loins of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and that he received his kingdom from the ruler of heaven and earth." The information was deemed important enough to be republished in the first person (as if Smith had said it) in the History of The Church: "I insert facsimiles of the six brass plates found near Kinderhook .... I have translated a portion of them, and find they contain the history of the person with whom they were found. He was a descendant of Ham, through the loins of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and that he received his kingdom from the Ruler of heaven and earth." More than six pages in Volume Five of History of the Church discuss the Kinderhook plates.
- Richard Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005) pp. 489–90.
- Stanley B. Kimball, "Kinderhook Plates Brought to Joseph Smith Appear to Be a Nineteenth-Century Hoax", Ensign, August 1981.
- Strang, James J. "The Record of Rajah Manchou of Vorito." Archived 2012-09-17 at archive.today Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
- In a letter of 11 May 1846 Lucy Mack Smith wrote: "I am satisfied that Joseph appointed J. J. Strang." The same day William Smith said, "James J. Strang has the appointment and we have evidence of it. The whole Smith family excepting Hyrum's widow uphold Strang." Palmer, 211. Earlier Lucy Mack Smith said at the October 1844 General Conference that she hoped all her children would accompany the saints to the West, and if they did she would go.
- Palmer, 208-13. Cowdery's father converted to Strang's movement in the summer of 1846, and a year later Oliver Cowdery was living in Elkhorn, Wisconsin, 12 miles (19 km) from Strang's headquarters and may have been associated in some way with his church. Stanley R. Gunn, Oliver Cowdery: Second Elder and Scribe (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1962), 189. Lucy Mack Smith's acceptance of Strang's leadership was short-lived; until her death, she made her home in Nauvoo with her daughter-in-law Emma and Emma's non-Mormon husband. (Bushman, 554-55).
- The Book of the Law of the Lord. Archived 2013-10-21 at Archive-It Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
- ^ Hamblin, William (2007). "Sacred Writing on Metal Plates in the Ancient Mediterranean". The FARMS Review. 19 (1): 37–54. doi:10.5406/farmsreview.19.1.0037. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- Buckely, Jorunn Jacobsen. 2002. The Mandaeans: Ancient texts and modern people. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mesoamerican writing systems have been preserved only on stone or paper made from bark or deerskin. Encyclopedia of Archaeology (Oxford: Elsevier, 2008), 2231; Ruth D. Whitehouse, ed. Facts on File of Archaeology (New York: Facts on File, 1983), 553. In the section of the Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 2001), dedicated to metallurgy, the writer notes implements of all kinds in copper, bronze, and gold, including daggers, ewers, chisels, mirrors, statuettes and jewelry of all types. No plates with writing are mentioned.
References
- Bushman, Richard Lyman (2005), Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, New York: Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4.
Further reading
- Reeve, Rex C. (1988). "The Book of Mormon Plates". In Nyman, Monte S.; Tate, Charles D. Jr. (eds.). First Nephi, The Doctrinal Foundation. Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University. pp. 99–111. ISBN 0-8849-4647-9.