Misplaced Pages

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Brazilian Democratic Movement" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Brazilian Democratic Movement Movimento Democrático Brasileiro
Abbreviation	MDB
President	Baleia Rossi
Secretary-General	Jorge Caruso
Founded	4 December 1965 (original MDB) 15 January 1980 (renamed as PMDB) 19 December 2017 (altered its name back to MDB)
Registered	30 June 1981 (registered as PMDB)
Dissolved	20 December 1979 (original MDB)
Merger of	Brazilian Labour Party Social Democratic Party (majority)
Headquarters	Câmara dos Deputados - Presidência do MDB, Ed. Principal sala T4 - Esplanada dos Ministérios Brasília
Think tank	Fundação Ulysses Guimarães
Youth wing	Juventude do MDB
Women's wing	MDB Mulher
Black wing	MDB Afro
LGBT wing	MDB Diversidade
Membership (2023)	2,043,709
Ideology	Big tent Economic liberalism
Political position	Centre to centre-right Historical: Centre to centre-left
Regional affiliation	COPPPAL
Colours	Main:   Green Secondary:     Yellow, red and black
Slogan	"Balance Point"
TSE Identification Number	15
Chamber of Deputies	42 / 513
Federal Senate	10 / 81
Governorships	3 / 27
State Assemblies	147 / 1,024
Mayors	1,022 / 5,570
City Councillors	7,825 / 56,810
Website
www.mdb.org.br
Politics of Brazil Political parties Elections

The Brazilian Democratic Movement (Portuguese: Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, MDB) is a Brazilian political party. It is considered a "big tent party" and it is one of the parties with the greatest representation throughout the national territory, with the most numbers of senators, mayors and city councillors, always having formed a large part of the National Congress since 1988, and also has the largest number of affiliates, with 2,043,709 members as of July 2023.

Originally, the MDB was founded on 1965 as part of an enforced two party system by the Brazilian military dictatorship, providing an official, if controlled, opposition. With political opening, in the early 1980s the former members of the MDB created the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (Portuguese: Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, PMDB), the name by which the party was known until 2018. It was the party of former Presidents of Brazil Tancredo Neves, José Sarney, Itamar Franco and Michel Temer, as well providing support for the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff, as well as unofficial support for the government of Jair Bolsonaro.

After the redemocratization of Brazil, MDB became a big tent party without a clear ideological program, seeking to have many members from various positions and different interest groups under its wing. As such, MDB has been criticized and accused of being a cronyistic "physiological party", aiming at ensuring proximity to the executive branch in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through clientelistic networks. This has been shown by the support to multiple governing parties since the beginning of the Sixth Brazilian Republic. As such, the MDB has been considered one of the core members of the Centrão.

History

Under military rule from 1965 to 1979, Brazil had a legally enforced two party system, with supporters of the regime gathered under the National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) umbrella, and the official opposition making up the MDB. Essentially, the MDB comprised nearly all of the Brazilian Labour Party and the main body of the Social Democratic Party.

For much of the first decade-and-a-half of the military dictatorship, ARENA had large majorities in the federal and state legislatures, and the MDB was virtually powerless. Since the president was indirectly elected by Congress, ARENA's candidate—in practice, selected by the military high command—could not possibly be defeated. The MDB did not even put forward candidates in the first post-coup elections, in 1966 and 1969. While the MDB did put forward presidential candidates in 1974 and 1978, they were soundly defeated.

Starting in 1979, multipartyism was reintroduced to Brazil by the military government. A restricted number of parties were allowed and the two original parties were officially disbanded, with ARENA became officially known as the Democratic Social Party (PDS). Many of the MDB left into multiple new opposition parties such as the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) and the Workers' Party (PT). Even though the country was redemocratizing, the military government sought to weaken the future successor of the MDB by demanding that new parties have "Party" on their official designations, thus forcing a rebranding. The group which remained reorganized the old MDB as the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (Portuguese: Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro; PMDB).

The MDB had been a big tent party uniting nearly all of the opposition to the military dictatorship. As such, it harboured elements ranging across the political spectrum. PMDB had a similar character to its predecessor, including a range of politicians from conservatives such as José Sarney to liberals such as Pedro Simon, leftists like Roberto Requião, populists like Íris Resende, nationalists like Orestes Quércia and the former guerrilla movement MR-8.

In 1985, party leader Tancredo Neves won the presidential election, but died before taking office. His running mate José Sarney, who had recently joined the party after defecting from the political wing of the military, became president, serving until 1990. Up until 2016, he was the only president of Brazil to come from the party. In recent presidential elections the party has not run candidates of its own, preferring to focus on congressional and gubernatorial elections.

At the legislative elections on 6 October 2002, the party won 74 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 19 out of 81 seats in the Senate, making it one of the biggest parties in Brazil.

The party decided not to launch a candidate for the 2006 presidential election in order to be free to join any coalition in the states. Under Brazilian electoral law then, parties launching presidential candidates could not form alliances at the state level that differed at the national level (this norm was subsequently repealed). At the congressional elections in October 2006, PMDB won 89 of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, becoming its biggest party; and in the Senate it had 15 of the 81 seats after its one-third renovation, becoming the third-largest party. PMDB also won seven state gubernatorial elections in the same election.

In 2010, the party made gains in the Senate, winning 16 of the elected seats for a total of 20. It was somewhat weakened in other elections, winning 79 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (becoming the second largest party) and winning five state governorships.

Notable PMDB members included: Wanderlei Silva, Tancredo Neves, Ulysses Guimarães, Itamar Franco, Orestes Quércia, Michel Temer, Anthony Garotinho, José Sarney, Renan Calheiros, Pedro Simon, Roberto Requião, Germano Rigotto, Paulo Skaf, Ramez Tebet, Marcelo Fortuna, Iris Rezende and Maguito Vilela.

On 29 March 2016, PMDB announced that it was leaving the coalition with the Workers' Party following accusations against President Dilma Rousseff and former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of corruption. The PMDB supported the impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff. After the impeachment process began, vice president Michel Temer formed a new center-right liberal coalition government with PSDB and other parties. He was confirmed as president as Dilma was permanently removed from office by the Senate on August, 31st 2016, thus becoming the second Brazilian president to hail from PMDB.

On 19 December 2017, the party reverted to its former name, Brazilian Democratic Movement (Portuguese: Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, MDB). The move was seen as an attempt to renew party identity. The initials PMDB had become associated with corruption and cronyism, while the original acronym was associated with the struggle for democracy, according to party leader, Romero Jucá. The party announced a program based on economic liberalism, fiscal conservatism and greater openness to sectors of civil society such as evangelicals and environmentalists. The party also made it clear that it will prioritize parliamentarians who agree with the new positions of the party, which has been interpreted by many as a warning that rebel parliamentarians, especially the senator from Paraná, Roberto Requião, strongly associated with the Brazilian nationalist left (and who eventually left the party in the summer of 2021 and eventually joined the Workers' Party), and even Renan Calheiros, the President of the Federal Senate, considered one of the most powerful personalities of Brazilian politics, but who shows little alignment with Temer's government and propositions of economic liberalism, can be excluded from the party. A few days earlier, Senator Kátia Abreu of Tocantins was expelled from the party for her support of the opposition, especially for her firm stance against the pension reform, as an alignment to the PT of whom she had been allied in the mandate of Dilma Rousseff.

The PMDB is the Brazilian political party that received the most bribes from Odebrecht. The company's "institutional relations" manager, Melo Filho, says he can find among the PMDB senators "the parliamentarians most devoted to the group's interests", but also those "who asked for the highest contributions".

Ideology

The original MDB was founded as a legal, civil movement of opposition to Brazilian military government. Without a clear program except the democratization of the country, the party was an umbrella of opponents of military regime, ranging from liberal conservatives and Christian democrats from parties like Christian Democratic Party and Social Democratic Party to former labourists, socialists and communists, of Brazilian Labour Party, Brazilian Socialist Party and Brazilian Communist Party. With the redemocratization, many centrists and leftists left the party and joined other parties with more consistent ideologies.

Many Christian democrats, social liberals and social democrats broke with the party in 1988 to form the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, led by Mario Covas, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, José Serra and Franco Montoro. Other PMDB members exited the party to more established left-wing parties, like the new incarnation of Brazilian Socialist Party, Communist Party of Brazil and Democratic Labour Party. In 2009, the last left-wing section of the party abandoned it and formed the Free Fatherland Party, a far left party descending from the MR-8 guerrilla. Some strong leftists, however, like senator Roberto Requião, remained in the party, but more isolated and less powerful (Requião too would eventually leave the party in July 2021). Other powerful politicians within the party, like former Rio de Janeiro governor Sérgio Cabral Filho and senator Renan Calheiros, established a neutral political stance, sometimes described as "physiological" by critics.

The left-wing loss was strong, and as such, the positions of those who left were replaced eventually by dissidents of centrist, centre-left and even right-wing parties, who joined to avoid falling out of power (as independent candidates are not allowed to run in elections in Brazil) and/or losing feuds with local or national party leadership. This replacement changed the character of the party from a catch-all party to a centrist one with a visible centre-right tendency. The party denied the centre-right character or any strict adherence to any political ideology. The party maintains that it is an open party for any and all Brazilians committed to democracy.

The party's programme from 2015 is based on the document "Bridge to the Future" detailing the measures to be taken to modernise Brazil, including reform of the labour code, overhaul of the pension system, privatisation of some public companies and reduction of some social rights.

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election	Party candidate	Running mate	Coalition	Votes	%	Votes	%	Result
				First round		Second round
1974	Ulysses Guimarães (MDB)	Barbosa Lima Sobrinho (MDB)	None	76	16,0%	-	-	Lost N
1978	Euler Bentes Moreiro (MDB)	Paulo Brossard (MDB)	None	226	38.9%	-	-	Lost N
1985	Tancredo Neves (PMDB)	José Sarney (PMDB)	MDB; PFL	480	72.73%	-	-	Elected Y
1989	Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB)	Waldir Pires (PMDB)	None	3,204,853	4.7%	-	-	Lost N
1994	Orestes Quércia (PMDB)	Iris de Araújo (PMDB)	PMDB; PSD	2,773,497	4.4%	-	-	Lost N
2002	José Serra (PSDB)	Rita Camata (PMDB)	PSDB; PMDB	19,705,061	23.19%	33,370,739	38.72%	Lost N
2006	None	None	None	-	-	-	-	-
2010	Dilma Rousseff (PT)	Michel Temer (PMDB)	(PT; PMDB; PDT; PCdoB; PSB; PR; PRB; PSC; PTC; PTN)	47,651,434	46.91%	55,752,529	56.05%	Elected Y
2014			(PT; PMDB; PSD; PP; PR; PDT; PRB; PROS; PCdoB)	43,267,668	41.59%	54,501,119	51.64%	Elected Y
2018	Henrique Meirelles (MDB)	Germano Rigotto (MDB)	(MDB; PHS)	1,288,948	1.20%	-	-	Lost N
2022	Simone Tebet (MDB)	Mara Gabrilli (PSDB)	(MDB; PSDB; Cidadania; PODE)	4,915,420	4.16%	-	-	Lost N

Legislative elections

Election	Chamber of Deputies				Federal Senate				Role in government
	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
1966	4,915,470	36.0%	132 / 409	New	5,911,361	43.4%	4 / 23	New	Opposition
1970	4,777,927	30.5%	87 / 310	45	13,440,875	39.6%	6 / 46	2	Opposition
1974	10,954,359	48.0%	161 / 364	74	14,486,252	59.0%	16 / 22	10	Opposition
1978	14,803,526	49.6%	191 / 422	30	17,432,948	57.1%	8 / 23	8	Opposition
1982	17,666,773	43.0%	200 / 479	9	18,410,338	43.7%	9 / 25	1	Opposition
1986	22,633,805	47.8%	260 / 487	60	N/A	N/A	38 / 49	29	Coalition
1990	7,798,653	19.3%	108 / 502	152	N/A	N/A	8 / 31	30	Coalition
1994	9,287,049	20.3%	107 / 513	1	14,870,466	15.5%	14 / 54	6	Coalition
1998	10,105,609	15.2%	83 / 513	24	13,414,074	21.7%	26 / 81	18	Coalition
2002	11,692,011	13.4%	76 / 513	7	25,199,662	15.4%	19 / 81	7	Opposition
2006	13,580,517	14.6%	89 / 513	13	10,148,024	12.0%	16 / 81	3	Coalition
2010	12,537,252	13.0%	79 / 513	10	23,998,949	14.1%	19 / 81	3	Coalition
2014	10,791,949	11.09%	66 / 513	13	12,129,969	13.58%	18 / 81	1	Coalition
2018	5,439,167	5.5%	34 / 513	17	12,800,290	7.5%	12 / 81	6	Coalition
2022	7,992,988	7.2%	42 / 513	8	3,882,458	3.8%	10 / 81	2	Coalition (2022–2023)
									Independent (2023–2024)
									Coalition (2024–)

References

1. Rhodes, Sybil (2006). Social Movements and Free-Market Capitalism in Latin America. State University of New York Press. p. 117.
2. Lansford, Tom, ed. (2014). "Switzerland". Political Handbook of the World 2014. CQ Press/SAGE. p. 183.
3. "Direita ou esquerda? Análise de votações indica posição de partidos brasileiros no espectro ideológico". BBC News Brasil.
4. Tähtinen, Lauri (25 October 2022). "Brazil: Five Phenomena and Three Scenarios". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
5. Narloch, Leandro (31 July 2020). "PMDB, o partido da malemolência". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 31 October 2022.
6. Sara Brandellero; Derek Pardue; Georg Wink, eds. (2020). Living (Il)legalities in Brazil: Practices, Narratives and Institutions in a Country on the Edge. Routledge. ISBN 9781000057683.
7. "Michel Temer: Brazil ex-president arrested in corruption probe". BBC. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2020. Mr Temer, from the centre-right MDB party, took over the Brazilian presidency in August 2016 following the impeachment of leftist Dilma Rousseff, a process in which he played a key role.
8. Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (Jr.), eds. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 502. ISBN 9780195170559. In 1982 São Paulo's governor, Franco Montoro of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), created the Council for Participation and Development of the Black Community.
9. Paul Freston, ed. (2008). Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America. Oxford University Press. p. 502. ISBN 9780199721245. Garotinho, however, continued in the political limelight, joining the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB; Partido do Movimento Democra ́tico Brasileiro), and positioning himself to run as the PMDB candidate in the 2006 presidential election.
10. Power, Timothy J. (2008). Kingstone, Peter (ed.). Centering Democracy?: Ideological Cleavages and Convergence in the Brazilian Political Class. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 89. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
11. Porto, Mauro P. (2008). Democratization and Election News Coverage in Brazil. Routledge. p. 253. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
12. "Senadores em Exercício - Senado Federal". www25.senado.leg.br. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
13. "PATRI". datapedia.info. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
14. "DEM, PP e PSD aumentam número de vereadores no Brasil; MDB, PT, PSDB, PDT e PSB registram redução". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 17 November 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
15. "Estatísticas do eleitorado – Eleitores filiados". Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
16. "Aprovada mudança do nome do Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (PMDB)". Tribunal Superior Eleitoral.
17. "Radar do Congresso". radar.congressoemfoco.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 October 2022.
18. ^ Wells, Miriam. "Meet the Kingmakers of Brasilia". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
19. ^ Benites, Talita Bedinelli, Afonso (19 December 2017). "PMDB volta a se chamar MDB: retorno ao passado para aplacar crise de imagem". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 13 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
20. ^ "Centrão vive quarta encarnação, agora restrito ao fisiologismo". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
21. "Pouco ou nada separa o MDB dos demais partidos do Centrão | Noblat". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2 November 2022.
22. Brasil, CPDOC-Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação História Contemporânea do. "PARTIDO DO MOVIMENTO DEMOCRATICO BRASILEIRO (PMDB)". CPDOC - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
23. "Brazil's biggest party quits ruling coalition, Rousseff isolated". Reuters. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
24. "PMDB aprova mudança de sigla para MDB". Poder360 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 19 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
25. "PMDB aprova mudança de nome e passa a ser chamado MDB". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 December 2017.
26. "PMDB muda nome para MDB e terá segmentos evangélico e socioambiental". Valor Econômico (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 December 2017.
27. "PMDB expulsa Kátia Abreu, e Requião pode ser o próximo". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 November 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
28. "Brazil's Odebrecht scandal". October 2017.
29. "Bolsonarism without Bolsonaro for Brazil?". December 2021.

• 1981 establishments in Brazil
• Centrist parties in Brazil
• Centre-right parties
• Liberal parties in Brazil
• Political parties established in 1981
• Political parties in Brazil