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For about three years, the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart kept a pet starling. The starling is remembered for the anecdote of how Mozart came to purchase it, for the funeral commemorations Mozart provided for it, and as an example of the composer's affection in general for birds.

Purchase

The first record of the starling is the entry Mozart made in his expense book when he bought it on 27 May 1784:

Starling bird 34 Kr.

That was beautiful!

The music Mozart jotted down in the book is fairly close to the opening bars of the third movement of his Piano Concerto No. 17 in G, K. 453, which Mozart had completed a few weeks earlier (12 April). Presumably, Mozart taught the bird to sing this tune in the pet store, or wherever it was that he bought it.

According to Mozart's transcription, the starling incorrectly inserted a fermata on the last beat of the first full measure, and sang G♯ instead of G in the following measure. Correcting for those, the tune would have been:

Mozart probably was not joking when he made the transcription, because starlings are known to have a very strong capacity for vocal mimicry.

To the ears of West and King, many elements of Mozart's A Musical Joke (1787) also "bear the vocal autograph of a starling".

Demise

The bird Mozart brought home lived as a pet in his household for three years and died on 4 June 1787. Mozart buried the creature in the garden with (as contemporary biographers observed) considerable ceremony. The notes taken by Georg Nikolaus von Nissen (the second husband of Mozart's wife Constanze) for purposes of writing his biography of the composer described the ceremonies thus:

When a bird died, he arranged a funeral procession, in which everyone who could sing had to join in, heavily veiled – made a sort of requiem, epitaph in verse.

The same event is described by Franz Niemetschek, who had also interviewed Constanze:

He often wrote verse himself; mostly only of a humorous kind. This was the case, among others, at the death of a much-loved starling, which he had given a proper gravestone in his hired garden, and on which he had written an inscription. He was very fond of animals, and – particularly – birds.

Mozart's funeral poem is translated by Robert Spaethling into vernacular English as follows.

West and King note, based on their extensive experience, that starling pets interact closely with their human keepers, often causing their owners to bond with them. Thus, Mozart's expression of sorrow, though comic, is likely to have been quite sincere. Spaethling offers further background:

Mozart's poem on the death of his beloved pet bird ... is humorous, bittersweet, and self-reflective at a time of great loss and grief. His father had passed away, a close friend had died young, and he himself was deeply involved with Don Giovanni, his darkest comedy.

Other birds

There is evidence that the starling Mozart acquired in 1784 was hardly the only pet bird whose company he enjoyed.

At age 14, Mozart wrote home from Naples to his sister Nannerl in Salzburg (19 May 1770) when he was on a journey with his father Leopold:

Write me, how is Mr. Canary? Does he still sing? Does he still pipe? Do you know why I am thinking of the canary? Because there is one in our anteroom that makes the same little sounds as ours.

A later letter, written by Nannerl to her mother at home in Salzburg as she visited Munich in 1775 with Wolfgang and Leopold, indicates other birds in Mozart's childhood home:

Thank God we are quite well. I hope that Mamma too is very well. A propos, are the canary, the tomtits, and the robin redbreast still alive, or have they let the birds starve?

A sad tale from 1791 is told by Mozart's biographer Hermann Abert, concerning another canary that might been a successor to the starling, being in Mozart's family when the composer lay on his deathbed.

It was with great reluctance that he agreed to have his pet canary removed, first to the adjacent room, then even further away, because he could no longer bear the sound of its singing.

See also

• List of individual birds

Notes

1. The expense book was part of a new campaign of personal organization that Mozart undertook in February 1784; at the same time he began a catalog of every musical work he completed. The expense book was maintained only for a year, but the musical catalog was kept to his death in 1791 and usefully serves musical scholarship to this day. Source and further details: Abert (2004:727–728).
2. Original German: "Vogel Stahrl 34 Kr. ... Das war schön!" Deutsch (1965)
3. For other theories of why the bird sang from Mozart's concerto, see Haupt (2017), ch. 6.
4. Heartz (2009), pp. 99–100.
5. See West & King (1990) and (in this encyclopedia) the article starling.
6. West & King (1990), p. 112. They base this insight on the description of A Musical Joke in a record jacket note.
7. Deutsch (1965), p. 225.
8. Translation from Deutsch (1965), p. 225.
9. Niemetschek, Franz (1956; original written 1798) Life of Mozart, translated by Helen Mautner. London: Leonard Hyman, p. 67.
10. West & King (1990), p. 107.
11. Spaethling (2000), pp. 392–393.
12. "Dalk": Austrian for "ignorant, stupid, childish"
13. Spaethling (2000), p. 392.
14. Quoted from Friedrich Kerst and Henry Krehbiel (2016) Mozart: The Man and the Artist Revealed in His Own Words. Reprint by Dover Publications.
15. Translation from Emily Anderson (2016) The Letters of Mozart and his Family, new edition updated by Stanley Sadie and Fiona Smart. Springer, p. 263.
16. Abert (2016), p. 1307.

References

• Abert, Hermann (2016). W. A. Mozart. Translated by Stewart Spencer. new footnotes by Cliff Eisen (revised ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Haupt, Lyanda Lynn (2017). Mozart's Starling. Hachette UK. ISBN 9781472153043.
• Heartz, Daniel (2009). Haydn, Mozart, and Early Beethoven. New York: Norton.
• Spaethling, Robert (2000). Mozart's Letters; Mozart's Life. New York: Norton.
• West, Meredith J.; King, Andrew P. (March–April 1990). "Mozart's Starling" (PDF). American Scientist. 78 (2): 106–114. Bibcode:1990AmSci..78..106W. JSTOR 29773940. S2CID 53138958. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-20.

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• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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