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Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar محمدعلی شاه قاجار
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, c. 1907-09
Shah of Iran
Reign	3 January 1907  – 16 July 1909
Predecessor	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Successor	Ahmad Shah Qajar
Prime Ministers	See list Mirza Nasrullah Khan Ali-Asghar Khan Atabak Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh Abolqasem Naser al-Molk Nezam al-Saltaneh Mafi Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh Kamran Mirza Javad Sa'd al-Dowleh
Born	(1872-06-21)21 June 1872 Tabriz, Azerbaijan, Persia
Died	5 April 1925(1925-04-05) (aged 52) San Remo, Italy
Burial	Imam Hussein Shrine
Spouse	Malekeh Jahan
Issue	See below
Names Mohmmad Ali Shah
Dynasty	Qajar
Father	Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Mother	Taj ol-Molouk (Umm al-Khakan)
Religion	Shia Islam
Tughra

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (Persian: محمدعلی شاه قاجار‎; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925) was the sixth shah of the Qajar dynasty and remained the Shah of Iran from 8 January 1907 until being deposed on 16 July 1909. He was furthermore the grandson of Iran’s early moderniser Amir Kabir, through the maternal side.

Biography

Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar was opposed to the Persian Constitution of 1906, which had been ratified during the reign of his father, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Therefore, he was frequently criticized by the publications of the period, including a weekly newspaper Musavat. In 1907, Mohammad Ali dissolved the National Consultative Assembly and declared the Constitution abolished because it was contrary to Islamic law. He bombarded the Majles (Persian parliament) with the military and political support of Russia and Britain.

In July 1909, pro-Constitution forces marched from Persia's provinces to Tehran led by Sardar As'ad, Sepehdar A'zam, Sattar Khan, Bagher Khan and Yeprem Khan, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. On 16 July 1909, the parliament voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah on the throne. Mohammad Ali Shah abdicated following the new Constitutional Revolution and he has since been remembered as a symbol of dictatorship.

Having fled to Odesa, Russia (currently Ukraine), Mohammad Ali plotted his return to power. In 1911 he landed at Astarabad, Persia, but his forces were defeated. Mohammad Ali Shah returned to Russia, then in 1920 to Constantinople (present day Istanbul) and later to San Remo, Italy, where he died on 5 April 1925. He was buried at the Shrine of Imam Husain in Karbala, Iraq. Every Shah of Persia since Mohammad Ali has died in exile.

His son and successor, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last sovereign of the Qajar dynasty.

Honours

• Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (1900)
• French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1907)
• Ottoman Empire: Exalted Order of the House of Osman (1905)
• Russian Empire:
  • Knight of the Order of St. Andrew (1905)
  • Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky (1905)
  • Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1905)
  • Knight of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 1st Class (1905)
  • Knight of the Order of St. Anna, 1st Class (1905)

Marriages and children

Wives

Mohammad Ali Shah had two wives:

1. Robabeh Khanum "Malih-os-Saltaneh"
2. Princess Zahra Qajar "Malekeh Jahan", daughter of Kamran Mirza "Nayeb-os-Saltaneh"

Children

Mohammad Ali Shah had six sons and two daughters:

Sons

1. Hossein Ali Mirza "E'tezad Saltaneh"
2. Gholam Hossein Mirza (died in infancy)
3. Sultan Ahmad Mirza (later Ahmad Shah Qajar)
4. Mohammad Hassan Mirza
5. Sultan Mahmoud Mirza
6. Sultan Majid Mirza

Daughters

1. Khadijeh Khanum "Hazrat-e Ghodsieh"
2. Assieh Khanum

List of prime ministers

• Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir od-Dowleh (till 17 March 1907)
• Mirza Ali-Asghar Khan Amin os-Soltan (1 May 1907 – 31 August 1907)
• Mohammad-Vali Khan Tonekaboni (1st Term) (13 September 1907 – 21 December 1907)
• Hossein Khan Nezam os-Saltaneh Mafi (21 December 1907 – 21 May 1908)
• Morteza-Qoli Khan Hedayat Sani od-Dowleh (21 May 1908 – 7 June 1908)
• Prince Kamran Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh (7 June 1908 – 29 April 1909)

See also

• Qajar dynasty
• Qajar family tree
• Attempts at Constitutionalization in Iran
• Persian Constitutional Revolution
• Persian Cossack Brigade
• Anglo-Russian Entente
• 1908 bombardment of the Majlis
• History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

References

1. Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (1 November 2012), "America's Troubled Moment in the Middle East", The Contemporary Middle East, Routledge, pp. 218–233, ISBN 978-0-429-49290-7, retrieved 27 October 2024
2. Iago Gocheleishvili (February 2007). "Georgian Sources on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911): Sergo Gamdlishvili's Memoirs of the Gilan Resistance". Iranian Studies. 40 (1): 60. doi:10.1080/00210860601138632. JSTOR 4311875. S2CID 153631653.
3. ^ Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. p. 285-286
4. "گزارشی از سمینار 'سده انقلاب مشروطیت ایران' در لندن". BBC Persian. 24 July 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
5. Soltan Ali Mirza Kadjar, 'Mohammad Ali Shah: The Man and the King', in: Qajar Studies. Travellers and Diplomats in the Qajar Era. Journal of the International Qajar Studies Association, volume VII, 2007.

Further reading

• Shablovskaia, Alisa (2019). "Treacherous friends or disenchanted masters? Russian diplomacy and Muhammad 'Ali (Shah) Qajar, 1911-1912". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (4): 1–18. doi:10.1080/13530194.2019.1683717. S2CID 210459869.

External links

• Portrait of Mohammad Ali Shah
• Portrait in Library of Congress collection
• Shah's palace in Odesa, Ukraine
• Photos of Qajar kings

v t e Persian Constitutional Revolution
Key figures	Monarchs Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Ahmad Shah Qajar Authoritarians Abdol Majid Mirza Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa O-Saltaneh Sheikh Khaz'al Sheikh Fazlollah Noori Mirza Nasrullah Khan Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma Amin al-Soltan Vladimir Liakhov Constitutionalists Kamran Mirza Nayeb es-Saltaneh Hassan Pirnia Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma Ali Asghar Khan Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni Mostowfi ol-Mamalek Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari Colonel Pessian Yeprem Khan Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat Mehdi Qoli Hedayat Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi Mirza Malkam Khan Hassan Taqizadeh Ahmad Kasravi Heydar Latifiyan Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh Jamal al-Din al-Afghani Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai Hassan Modarres Mohammad Khiabani Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani Iraj Mirza Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda Rais al-Mojahedin Mirzadeh Eshghi Mirza Alakbar Sabir Mohammad Ali Tarbiat Mahammad Amin Rasulzade Aref Qazvini Mohammad-Taqi Bahar Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi Mirza Fatali Akhundov Jahangir-Khan Sur-e-Esrafil Saad ad-Daula Sattar Khan Bāqer Khān Nikol Duman Haydar Khan Amo-oghli Mirza Reza Kermani Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian William Morgan Shuster Howard Baskerville Edward Granville Browne Women Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi Sediqeh Dowlatabadi Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari Zainab Pasha
Important events	Tobacco Protest Persian Constitution of 1906 Siege of Tabriz the First Majlis Majlis Bombardment Russian occupation of Tabriz Triumph of Tehran
See also	Qajar dynasty 1921 Persian coup d'état Jungle Movement of Gilan Russian Empire involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution Iranian Enlightenment
Category

• 1872 births
• 1925 deaths
• 20th-century monarchs of Persia
• Qajar monarchs
• Iranian royalty
• People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
• Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian)
• Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
• Monarchs who abdicated
• Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
• Iranian emigrants to Italy
• Iranian exiles
• Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire