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NA-64/NA-64 P-2/Yale
Restored North American NA-64 Yale at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario
Role	TrainerType of aircraft
Manufacturer	North American Aviation
First flight	12 February 1940
Introduction	1940
Retired	1 October 1946 (RCAF) 1949 (Armee de l'air)
Status	Warbird
Primary users	Royal Canadian Air Force French Air Force French Navy Luftwaffe
Produced	1940
Number built	230
Developed from	North American BT-14
Developed into	North American Harvard

The North American NA-64 (NA-64 P-2 or NAA-64 P-2 in French service, Yale in Canadian service) is a low-wing single piston engine monoplane advanced trainer aircraft that was built for the French Air Force and French Navy, served with the Royal Canadian Air Force, and with the Luftwaffe as a captured aircraft during World War II.

Design and development

Ordered as a follow-on to the NA-57 as a two-seat advanced trainer, the NA-64 P-2/NAA-64 P-2 represented a major structural improvement, with a longer all-metal fuselage replacing the fabric covered fuselage of the NA-57. As well as metal skin replacing the fabric on the fuselage, the fin was changed from having a corrugated skin to being a smooth stressed skin structure and was moved slightly aft, lengthening the rear fuselage while the engine was moved forward to maintain the center of gravity. The rudder was also changed from the rounded shape used previously to one with a roughly triangular shape with the broadest part being at the bottom to improve handling at high angles of attack. In one respect however, it was a step backwards from its immediate predecessor, the BT-14, with which it is often confused, in that the earlier straight wings were used with the result that in RCAF service, when compared to the later and more powerful Harvard II it was flown alongside, it had different handling characteristics and lower performance.

Operational history

France

The NA-64 P-2 was built for the French Armée de l'Air and Aéronavale in 1939–1940, which ordered 200 and 30 respectively. Of these, 111 had been delivered before France surrendered to the Germans after the Battle of France. In France, the NA-64, like the NA-57 before it, was known as the North, and was designated as NAA-64 P-2 (abbreviated from North American Aviation modèle 64 perfectionnement, 2 places (North American Aviation model 64 advanced trainer, 2 seats)) but were sometimes attached to reconnaissance units. A small number escaped the Germans to be used by the Vichy French Air Force. Two examples in North Africa survived into the postwar years, having been operated alongside NA-57s, the last only being retired in 1949.

Canada

The remaining 119 undelivered aircraft were bought up by the British Purchasing Commission and transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan between August and September 1940, and all were operational by November The type was named the Yale Mk.I following British naming practice of naming trainers after education institutions and US-supplied aircraft after American locations, in this case, Yale University, and were used initially as intermediate pilot trainers taking pilots from the de Havilland Tiger Moth and Fleet Finch to the much faster and more complex North American Harvard, until this category was dispensed with as being unnecessary. They were then relegated for use as airborne wireless radio trainers, along with the contemporary Fleet Fort intermediate trainer in 1943. Prior to service entry, the throttle and engine mixture controls were modified from the system used by the French whereby the throttle was pulled back to increase power, and the mixture control pulled back to lean out the mixture, to the system used on the Harvard. The Yale appeared in the movie Captains of the Clouds. The RCAF sold all surviving examples off as scrap in 1946 but over 30 survive today as a result of a large number of them being bought surplus by a single farmer, with about 15 currently in airworthy condition.

Germany

The NAA-64s captured from the French were used by the German Luftwaffe for all types of flight training, from basic flying to advanced fighter tactics. Dive bomber schools and target tug units and even combat squadrons all used the NAA-64, as they were designated by the Luftwaffe, from the tail markings of the French examples. At least one was used by the Zirkus Rosarius to familiarize German aircrew with the handling of American aircraft before they evaluated captured aircraft.

Operators

 Canada

• Royal Canadian Air Force
  • No.1 Service Flying Training School (No. 1 SFTS) Borden
  • No.2 Service Flying Training School (No. 2 SFTS) Uplands
  • No.6 Service Flying Training School (No. 6 SFTS) Dunnville
  • No.14 Service Flying Training School (No. 14 SFTS) Aylmer
  • No.1 Training Command (1TC) Toronto, ON
  • No.3 Training Command (3TC) Montreal
  • No.4 Training Command (4TC) Regina
  • No.1 Flying Instructor School (1FIS) Trenton
  • No.1 Wireless School (1WS) Winnipeg, MB
  • No.2 Wireless School (2WS) Calgary, AB
  • No.3 Wireless School (3WS) Montreal, QC
  • No.4 Wireless School (4WS), Guelph
  • No.12 (Communications) Squadron
  • No.118 (Fighter) Squadron

 France

• French Air Force (Armée de l'Air)
  • Escadrille d'Outre Mer 82 Niger (post-WWII)
• French Navy (Marine Nationale)
  • French Naval Aviation (Aéronavale)
    • Section Liaison Port Lyautey 51 S squadron (Khouribga)

 Vichy France

• Vichy French Air Force (Armée de l'Air de Vichy)
  • Groupe de Chasse II/9 (fighter-trainer) – Aulnat

 Free France

• Free French Air Force (Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres)s

 Nazi Germany

• Luftwaffe captured 93 aircraft and assigned 96 registrations, and they published their own pilots manual for it
  • Fliegerzielgeschwader Fl.Z.G. 2 target towing wing
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 9 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 16 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 42 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 43 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 71 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 82 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 110 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 111 pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 116 Göppingen pilot school
  • Flugzeugführerschule A/B 117 pilot school
  • Jagdfliegerschule JFS 2 Neustadt Weinstraße/Speyerdorf advanced fighter pilot school
  • Jagdfliegerschule JFS 6 advanced fighter pilot training school
  • Jagdfliegervorschule JFVS 2 Lachen-Speyerdorf preliminary fighter pilot school
  • Jagdgeschwader JG 103 fighter squadron
  • Jagdgeschwader JG 106 fighter squadron
  • Luftdienst-Kommando 7 air service command
  • Luftkriegschule LKS 1 air war school
  • Luftkriegschule LKS 5 air war school
  • Nahaufklärungsgeschwader NAG 102 short-range reconnaissance wing
  • Stukaschule StS 1 Wertheim dive bomber school
  • Sturzkampffliegervorschule StVS 1 Bad Aibling preliminary dive bomber school
  • Stukavorschule SVS 2 preliminary dive bomber school
  • Zerstörerschule ZS 1 Neubiberg heavy fighter school
  • Zieldarstellungsstaffel ZD-Stf 102 target towing squadron
  • Zirkus Rosarius used to familiarize aircrew with U.S. aircraft.

 United Kingdom

• Royal Navy
  • 31 SFTS Kingston, ON (Canada) – eight loaned from RCAF from March to April 1941 in exchange for eight Fairey Battle trainers.

Surviving aircraft

There are many surviving NA-64 Yales today because of Ernie Simmons, a farmer from near Tillsonburg, Ontario. Simmons bought 39 Yales in 1946, along with seven Fairey Swordfish and a Westland Lysander and kept them on his farm until he died in 1970. Most were auctioned the same year, and many have been restored by museums and warbird enthusiasts. Most surviving Yales are from the Simmons collection, but there are at least six surviving Yales that came from Western Canada. Three Yales have been subsequently lost, a major hangar fire took the Musée de l'air et de l'espace's NA-64 3415/64-2224, and 3454/64-2165 & 3395/64-2159 were destroyed as the result of flying accidents. Several Yales have been painted or partially modified as BT-14s. Additionally, over a dozen are privately owned in Canada, the US, and Europe or are not accessible, and additional airframes may be held by some museums as a source of spares.

Specifications

Data from North American Aviation, Manuel de Pilotage de l'Avion NA-64 P-2 (Avion de Perfectionnement), 1940, pp.8–9

General characteristics

• Crew: two (instructor and student)
• Length: 28 ft 4 in (8.64 m)
• Wingspan: 40 ft 1.4 in (12.228 m)
• Height: 8 ft 10.5 in (2.70 m)
• Wing area: 241.67 sq ft (22.42 m)
• Empty weight: 3,324 lb (1,057 kg)
• Gross weight: 4,500 lb (2,040 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 4,291 lb (1,946 kg) normal weight per NAA
• Fuel capacity: 104 gallons/394L including 16.5 US gallon/2.45L reserve tank
• Oil capacity 9.5 US gallon/36L
• Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-975-E3 Whirlwind radial engine, 420 hp (310 kW)
• Propellers: 2-bladed Hamilton Standard 2D30 hub & 6101A-12 blades, 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) diameter

Performance

• Maximum speed: 166 mph (267 km/h, 144 kn) sea level
• Cruise speed: 146 mph (235 km/h, 127 kn) 64% power
• Never exceed speed: 300 mph (483 km/h, 261 kn)
• Range: 730 mi (1,175 km, 630 nmi) cruising speed
• Combat range: 475 mi (765 km, 413 nmi) maximum speed
• Endurance: 5 hrs at cruising speed, 2 hours 48 minutes at maximum speed
• Service ceiling: 17,500 ft (5,350 m) full load
• Rate of climb: 1,120 ft/min (5.7 m/s)
• Time to altitude: 11.36 min to 10,000 ft (3320 m)
• Wing loading: 17.76 lb/sq ft (86.7 kg/m)
• Power/mass: 10.22lbs/hp

Armament

• light bombs (French and German examples only)

See also

• 1940 in aviation

Related development

• North American NA-16 – initial design, with fabric covered fuselage
• North American BT-14 – similar aside from outer wing panels and Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine.
• North American T-6 Texan – ultimate development of design

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Arado Ar 96
• Curtiss-Wright CW-19R
• Fleet Fort
• Kyushu K10W1
• Vultee BT-13 Valiant

Related lists

• North American T-6 Texan variants
• List of aircraft of Canada's air forces
• List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II
• List of military aircraft of the German Third Reich

References

Notes

1. As there was no Yale Mk.II, the Mk.I part of the designation was rarely used.

1. ^ Smith, 2000, p.29
2. ^ Hagedorn, 1997, p.48
3. Fletcher, 1990, p.37
4. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.36
5. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.38
6. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.42
7. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.45
8. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.40
9. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.172
10. Fletcher, 1990, p.170
11. ^ Fletcher, 1990, p.171
12. Fletcher, 1990, p.43
13. "EOM 82 Niger", www.traditions-air.fr (in French), retrieved September 30, 2017
14. Peter D Evans, "LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database", The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project, archived from the original on 5 August 2014, retrieved March 31, 2014
15. ^ ""stamm Dx+xx" The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
16. ^ ""stamm Nx+xx" The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
17. ^ "stamm Rx+xx". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
18. ^ "stamm Vx+xx". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
19. ^ "Cx+xx". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
20. ^ "stamm Kx+xx". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
21. "stamm Hx+xx". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
22. "stamm Px+xx". luftwaffe-experten.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
23. Fletcher, 1990, p. 41
24. "Restoration of North American NA-64 Yale 3383". legendofaces.com. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
25. Fletcher, 1990, p.48
26. Fletcher, 1990, p.49
27. Fletcher, 1990, p.51
28. "The Ernie Simmons Story." Archived 2013-09-06 at the Wayback Machine Spitfire Emporium. Retrieved: 24 December 2011.
29. "CAROL".
30. "N13397 (NORTH AMERICAN NA-64 owned by CYRIER MARK) Aircraft Registration ✈ FlightAware". FlightAware. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
31. "Imperial War Museum Duxford - Museums". aeroflight.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
32. "Aircraft Details". Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
33. "Milestones of Flight Air Museum - Lancaster - California - USA". www.aviationmuseum.eu. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
34. "Harold A. Skaarup, author of Shelldrake". silverhawkauthor.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
35. "Aerial Visuals - Airframe Dossier - North American T-6/AT-6/SNJ Texan / Harvard, s/n 3390 RCAF, c/n 64-3033". www.aerialvisuals.ca. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
36. ^ "Musee Aeronautique Presqu'ile Cote d'Amour - la Baule-Escoublac - France". www.aviationmuseum.eu. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
37. "YALE". www.pimaair.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
38. "NA-64 Yale." Canadian Harvard Aircraft Association. Retrieved: 24 December 2011.
39. "North American Yale". Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
40. Bomber Command Museum of Canada – North American NA-64 Yale Archived 2017-11-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 31 March 2014
41. Aircraft 3416 Photo access date: 2 April 2014
42. "Factsheets : North American BT-14 (NA-64)". 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
43. Marcel. "Western Canada Aviation Museum – Winnipeg - Reportage avionslegendaires.net". avionslegendaires.net. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
44. "Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Wetaskiwin, Alberta - Aviation Museums on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
45. "Aviation". Reynolds Museum. Government of Alberta. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
46. "Aircraft Data N64FL, North American NA-64 C/N 64-2207". www.airport-data.com. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
47. ^ Canadian Wings.com accessdate: March 2014
48. North American Aviation, 1940, p.29
49. North American Aviation, 1940, p.22
50. North American Aviation, 1940, p.28
51. North American Aviation, 1940, pp.17

Bibliography

• Fletcher, David C; MacPhail, Doug (1990). Harvard! the North American Trainers in Canada. San Josef BC/Dundee ON: DCF Flying Books. ISBN 0-9693825-0-2.
• Fletcher, David (1995). "North American Yale". Random Thoughts. 17 (2). International Plastic Modellers Society of Canada: 31.
• Griffin, John A. (1969). Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920 – 1968. Publication No. 69-2. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.
• Hagedorn, Dan (1997). North American NA-16/AT-6/SNJ (WarbirdTech Volume 11). North Branch, MN: Speciality Press. ISBN 0-933424-76-0.
• Kostenuk, S.; Griffin, J. (1977). RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft: 1924–1968. Toronto, ON: Samuel Stevens, Hakkert & Co. ISBN 978-0888665775.
• Milberry, Larry; Halliday, Hugh A. (1990). The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945. Toronto, ON: CANAV Books. ISBN 978-0921022046.
• North American Aviation (1940). Manuel de Pilotage de l'Avion NA-64 P-2 (Avion de Perfectionnement). Rapport No 1552. Inglewood, CA: North American Aviation.
• Skaarup, Harold A. (2000). Canadian Warbird and War Prize Survivors, Updated Edition. Lincoln, NE: Writers Club Press. ISBN 978-0595122165.
• Smith, Peter Charles (2000). North American T-6: SNJ, Harvard and Wirraway. Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-382-1.

External links

• Warbirds Directory – North American T-6 and Yale
• IMdB – Captains of the Clouds

• North American Aviation aircraft
• Single-engined tractor aircraft
• Low-wing aircraft
• 1940s United States military trainer aircraft
• Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear