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The Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile is a spatial mass distribution of dark matter fitted to dark matter halos identified in N-body simulations by Julio Navarro, Carlos Frenk and Simon White. The NFW profile is one of the most commonly used model profiles for dark matter halos. The substantial impact of NFW's work on theoretical understanding of cosmic structure formation can be traced to three key insights.

1) In cosmological models where dark matter structure grows hierarchically from weak initial fluctuations, dark matter halos are almost self-similar; halo regions which are close to dynamical equilibrium are adequately represented for all masses and at all times by a simple analytic formula with only two free parameters, a characteristic density and a characteristic size.

2) These two parameters are related with rather little scatter; larger halos are less dense. The size-density relation depends on cosmological parameters and so can be used to constrain these observationally.

3) The characteristic density of a halo is linked to the mean density of the universe at its epoch of maximal growth. Thus the size-density relation reflects the fact that larger halos typically assembled at later times.

Density distribution

In the NFW profile, the density of dark matter as a function of radius is given by: $${\displaystyle \rho (r)={\frac {\rho _{0}}{{\frac {r}{R_{s}}}\left(1~+~{\frac {r}{R_{s}}}\right)^{2}}}}$$ where ρ₀ and the "scale radius", R_s, are parameters which vary from halo to halo.

The integrated mass within some radius R_max is $${\displaystyle M=\int _{0}^{R_{\max }}4\pi r^{2}\rho (r)\,dr=4\pi \rho _{0}R_{s}^{3}\left}$$

The total mass is divergent, but it is often useful to take the edge of the halo to be the virial radius, R_vir, which is related to the "concentration parameter", c, and scale radius via $${\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {vir} }=cR_{s}}$$ (Alternatively, one can define a radius at which the average density within this radius is ${\displaystyle \Delta }$ times the critical or mean density of the universe, resulting in a similar relation: ${\displaystyle R_{\Delta }=c_{\Delta }R_{s}}$. The virial radius will lie around ${\displaystyle R_{200}}$ to ${\displaystyle R_{500}}$, though values of ${\displaystyle \Delta =1000}$ are used in X-ray astronomy, for example, due to higher concentrations.)

The total mass in the halo within ${\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {vir} }}$ is $${\displaystyle M=\int _{0}^{R_{\mathrm {vir} }}4\pi r^{2}\rho (r)\,dr=4\pi \rho _{0}R_{s}^{3}\left.}$$

The specific value of c is roughly 10 or 15 for the Milky Way, and may range from 4 to 40 for halos of various sizes.

This can then be used to define a dark matter halo in terms of its mean density, solving the above equation for ${\displaystyle \rho _{0}}$ and substituting it into the original equation. This gives $${\displaystyle \rho (r)={\frac {\rho _{\text{halo}}}{3A_{\text{NFW}}\,x(c^{-1}+x)^{2}}}}$$ where

• ${\displaystyle \rho _{\text{halo}}\equiv M{\biggr /}\left({\frac {4}{3}}\pi R_{\text{vir}}^{3}\right)}$ is the mean density of the halo,
• ${\displaystyle A_{\text{NFW}}=\left}$ is from the mass calculation, and
• ${\displaystyle x=r/R_{\text{vir}}}$ is the fractional distance to the virial radius.

Higher order moments

The integral of the squared density is $${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{R_{\max }}4\pi r^{2}\rho (r)^{2}\,dr={\frac {4\pi }{3}}R_{s}^{3}\rho _{0}^{2}\left}$$ so that the mean squared density inside of R_max is $${\displaystyle \langle \rho ^{2}\rangle _{R_{\max }}={\frac {R_{s}^{3}\rho _{0}^{2}}{R_{\max }^{3}}}\left}$$ which for the virial radius simplifies to $${\displaystyle \langle \rho ^{2}\rangle _{R_{\mathrm {vir} }}={\frac {\rho _{0}^{2}}{c^{3}}}\left\approx {\frac {\rho _{0}^{2}}{c^{3}}}}$$ and the mean squared density inside the scale radius is simply $${\displaystyle \langle \rho ^{2}\rangle _{R_{s}}={\frac {7}{8}}\rho _{0}^{2}}$$

Gravitational potential

Solving Poisson's equation gives the gravitational potential $${\displaystyle \Phi (r)=-{\frac {4\pi G\rho _{0}R_{s}^{3}}{r}}\ln \left(1+{\frac {r}{R_{s}}}\right)}$$ with the limits ${\displaystyle \lim _{r\to \infty }\Phi =0}$ and ${\displaystyle \lim _{r\to 0}\Phi =-4\pi G\rho _{0}R_{s}^{2}}$.

The acceleration due to the NFW potential is: $${\displaystyle \mathbf {a} =-\nabla {\Phi _{\text{NFW}}(\mathbf {r} )}=G{\frac {M_{\text{vir}}}{\ln {(1+c)}-c/(1+c)}}{\frac {r/(r+R_{s})-\ln {(1+r/R_{s})}}{r^{3}}}\mathbf {r} }$$ where ${\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }$ is the position vector and ${\displaystyle M_{\text{vir}}={\frac {4\pi }{3}}r_{\text{vir}}^{3}200\rho _{\text{crit}}}$.

Radius of the maximum circular velocity

The radius of the maximum circular velocity (confusingly sometimes also referred to as ${\displaystyle R_{\max }}$) can be found from the maximum of ${\displaystyle M(r)/r}$ as $${\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {circ} }^{\max }=\alpha R_{s}}$$ where ${\displaystyle \alpha \approx 2.16258}$ is the positive root of $${\displaystyle \ln \left(1+\alpha \right)={\frac {\alpha (1+2\alpha )}{(1+\alpha )^{2}}}.}$$ Maximum circular velocity is also related to the characteristic density and length scale of NFW profile: $${\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {circ} }^{\max }\approx 1.64R_{s}{\sqrt {G\rho _{s}}}}$$

Dark matter simulations

Over a broad range of halo mass and redshift, the NFW profile approximates the equilibrium configuration of dark matter halos produced in simulations of collisionless dark matter particles by numerous groups of scientists. Before the dark matter virializes, the distribution of dark matter deviates from an NFW profile, and significant substructure is observed in simulations both during and after the collapse of the halos.

Alternative models, in particular the Einasto profile, have been shown to represent the dark matter profiles of simulated halos as well as or better than the NFW profile by including an additional third parameter. The Einasto profile has a finite central density, unlike the NFW profile which has a divergent (infinite) central density. Because of the limited resolution of N-body simulations, it is not yet known which model provides the best description of the central densities of simulated dark-matter halos.

Simulations assuming different cosmological initial conditions produce halo populations in which the two parameters of the NFW profile follow different mass-concentration relations, depending on cosmological properties such as the density of the universe and the nature of the very early process which created all structure. Observational measurements of this relation thus offer a route to constraining these properties.

Observations of halos

The dark matter density profiles of massive galaxy clusters can be measured directly by gravitational lensing and agree well with the NFW profiles predicted for cosmologies with the parameters inferred from other data. For lower mass halos, gravitational lensing is too noisy to give useful results for individual objects, but accurate measurements can still be made by averaging the profiles of many similar systems. For the main body of the halos, the agreement with the predictions remains good down to halo masses as small as those of the halos surrounding isolated galaxies like our own. The inner regions of halos are beyond the reach of lensing measurements, however, and other techniques give results which disagree with NFW predictions for the dark matter distribution inside the visible galaxies which lie at halo centers.

Observations of the inner regions of bright galaxies like the Milky Way and M31 may be compatible with the NFW profile, but this is open to debate. The NFW dark matter profile is not consistent with observations of the inner regions of low surface brightness galaxies, which have less central mass than predicted. This is known as the cusp-core or cuspy halo problem. It is currently debated whether this discrepancy is a consequence of the nature of the dark matter, of the influence of dynamical processes during galaxy formation, or of shortcomings in dynamical modelling of the observational data.

See also

• Einasto profile

References

1. Navarro, Julio F.; Frenk, Carlos S.; White, Simon D. M. (May 10, 1996). "The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos". The Astrophysical Journal. 462: 563–575. arXiv:astro-ph/9508025. Bibcode:1996ApJ...462..563N. doi:10.1086/177173. S2CID 119007675.
2. Navarro, Julio; Frenk, Carlos; White, Simon (1 December 1997). "A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering". The Astrophysical Journal. 490 (2): 493–508. arXiv:astro-ph/9611107. Bibcode:1997ApJ...490..493N. doi:10.1086/304888. S2CID 3067250.
3. Bertone, Gianfranco (2010). Particle Dark Matter: Observations, Models and Searches. Cambridge University Press. p. 762. ISBN 978-0-521-76368-4.
4. Evrard; Metzler; Navarro (1 Oct 1996). "Mass Estimates of X-Ray Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 469: 494. arXiv:astro-ph/9510058. Bibcode:1996ApJ...469..494E. doi:10.1086/177798. S2CID 1031423.
5. Y. P. Jing (20 May 2000). "The Density Profile of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dark Matter Halos". The Astrophysical Journal. 535 (1): 30–36. arXiv:astro-ph/9901340. Bibcode:2000ApJ...535...30J. doi:10.1086/308809. S2CID 6007164.
6. Navarro, Julio; et al. (April 2004). "The inner structure of ΛCDM haloes - III. Universality and asymptotic slopes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 349 (3): 1039–1051. arXiv:astroph/0311231. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.349.1039N. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07586.x.
7. Merritt, David; Graham, Alister; Moore, Benjamin; Diemand, Jurg; et al. (20 December 2006). "Empirical Models for Dark Matter Halos". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (6): 2685–2700. arXiv:astro-ph/0509417. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2685M. doi:10.1086/508988. S2CID 14511019.
8. Merritt, David; et al. (May 2005). "A Universal Density Profile for Dark and Luminous Matter?". The Astrophysical Journal. 624 (2): L85–L88. arXiv:astro-ph/0502515. Bibcode:2005ApJ...624L..85M. doi:10.1086/430636. S2CID 56022171.
9. Navarro, Julio; Frenk, Carlos; White, Simon (1 December 1997). "A Universal Density Profile from Hierarchical Clustering". The Astrophysical Journal. 490 (2): 493–508. arXiv:astro-ph/9611107. Bibcode:1997ApJ...490..493N. doi:10.1086/304888. S2CID 3067250.
10. Okabe, Nobuhiro; et al. (June 2013). "LoCuSS: The Mass Density Profile of Massive Galaxy Clusters at z = 0.2". The Astrophysical Journal. 769 (2): L35–L40. arXiv:1302.2728. Bibcode:2013ApJ...769L..35O. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/769/2/L35. S2CID 54707479.
11. Wang, Wenting; et al. (March 2016). "A weak gravitational lensing recalibration of the scaling relations linking the gas properties of dark haloes to their mass". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 456 (3): 2301–2320. arXiv:1509.05784. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456.2301W. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2809.
12. Klypin, Anatoly; Zhao, HongSheng; Somerville, Rachel S. (10 July 2002). "ΛCDM-based Models for the Milky Way and M31. I. Dynamical Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 573 (2): 597–613. arXiv:astro-ph/0110390. Bibcode:2002ApJ...573..597K. doi:10.1086/340656. S2CID 14637561.
13. de Blok, W. J. G.; McGaugh, Stacy S.; Rubin, Vera C. (2001-11-01). "High-Resolution Rotation Curves of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies. II. Mass Models". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (5): 2396–2427. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2396D. doi:10.1086/323450. ISSN 0004-6256.
14. Kuzio de Naray, Rachel; Kaufmann, Tobias (2011-07-01). "Recovering cores and cusps in dark matter haloes using mock velocity field observations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 414 (4): 3617–3626. arXiv:1012.3471. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.414.3617K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18656.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119296274.
15. Oman, Kyle; et al. (October 2015). "The unexpected diversity of dwarf galaxy rotation curves". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 452 (4): 3650–3665. arXiv:1504.01437. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452.3650O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1504.

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