Misplaced Pages

National Iranian Oil Company

National Iranian Oil Company headquarters
Company type	State-owned enterprise
Industry	Oil and gas
Predecessor	Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Founded	20 March 1951; 73 years ago (1951-03-20)
Founder	Government of Iran: The Majles Mohammad Mosaddegh (later Prime Minister)
Headquarters	Taleghani Street, Tehran, Iran
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Mohsen Paknejad (Chairman) Hamid Bovard (CEO)
Products	Petroleum Natural gas Motor fuels Aviation fuels Petrochemicals
Revenue	Oil and gas US$110 billion (2012)
Total assets	US$200 billion (2012)
Owner	Iranian government (100%)
Number of employees	87,500 (2018)
Parent	Ministry of Petroleum
Subsidiaries	NISOC IOOC ICOFC NIDC NICO NITCO
Website	en.nioc.ir

The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; Persian: شرکت ملّی نفت ایران, romanized: Sherkat-e Melli-ye Naft-e Irān) is a government-owned national oil and natural gas producer and distributor under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran. NIOC was established in 1951 and restructured under The Consortium Agreement of 1954. NIOC ranks as the world's second largest oil company, after Saudi Arabia's state-owned Aramco.

The NIOC is exclusively responsible for the exploration, drilling, production, distribution and export of crude oil, as well as exploration, extraction and sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). NIOC exports its surplus production according to commercial considerations determined by the OPEC and at the prices prevalent in the international markets. In early 2015 NIOC's recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves was 156.53 billion barrels (24.886 km) (10% of world's total) and recoverable gas reserves were 33.79×10 m (15% of world's total). As of 2012, the NIOC production capacity included over 4 million barrels (640×10^ m) of crude oil and in excess of 750 million cubic meters of natural gas per day.

History

Background: 1901–1951

In May 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to search for oil, which he discovered in May 1908. This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. In 1923, Burmah Oil employed future Prime Minister, Winston Churchill as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were successfully granted.

In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Following World War II, Iranian nationalism was on the rise, especially surrounding the Iranian natural resources being exploited by the foreign companies without adequately compensating Iranian taxpayers. AIOC and the pro western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara, initially resisted nationalist pressure to revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. In March 1951, Ali Razmara was assassinated; and Mohammed Mossadeq, a nationalist, was elected as the new prime minister by the Majlis of Iran.

NIOC: 1951–1979

In April 1951, the Majlis nationalized the Iranian oil industry by a unanimous vote, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was formed, displacing the AIOC. The AIOC withdrew its management from Iran and organised an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned the AIOC, contested the nationalization at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.

By the spring of 1953, incoming US President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorised the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to organise a coup against the Mossadeq government, the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. In August 1953, the coup brought pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi to power as the new PM, along with the return to Iran of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from his brief exile in Italy. The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated by the CIA under the code-name Operation Ajax, and by the British SIS (MI6) as Operation Boot.

In 1954, the AIOC became British Petroleum. The return of the shah had not meant that British Petroleum was able to monopolise Iranian oil as before. Under pressure from United States, British Petroleum reluctantly accepted membership in a consortium of companies, founded in October 1954, to bring back Iranian oil to the international market. It was incorporated in London as a holding company called Iranian Oil Participants (IOP). The founding members of IOP included British Petroleum (40%), Gulf (later Chevron, 8%), Royal Dutch Shell (14%), and Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total, 6%). The four Aramco partners – Standard Oil of California (SoCal, later Chevron) – Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon, then ExxonMobil) – Standard Oil Co. of New York (later Mobil, then ExxonMobil) – Texaco (later Chevron) – each held an 8% stake in the holding company.

All IOP members acknowledged that NIOC owned the oil and facilities in Iran, and IOP's role was to operate and manage them on behalf of NIOC. To facilitate that, IOP established two operating entities incorporated in the Netherlands, and both were delegated to NIOC. Similar to the Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of 1950, the IOP consortium agreed to share profits on a 50–50 basis with Iran, "but not to open its books to Iranian auditors or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors". The negotiations leading to the creation of the consortium, during 1954–55, were considered a feat of skillful diplomacy.

In Iran, IOP continued to operate until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of the company's assets in Iran. According to the IOP's Web site: The victory of the Islamic revolution annulled the Consortium Agreement of 1954 and all regulations pertaining to it. The revolution led to the withdrawal or expulsion of virtually all foreign employees from the oil industry with the new Iranian government assuming full control of its affairs.

NIOC's Oil Reserves

According to OPEC, NIOC recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves at the end of 2006 was 1,384 billion barrels (2.200×10 m).

NIOC oil reserves at the beginning of 2001 was reported to be about 99 billion barrels (1.57×10 m), however in 2002 the result of NIOC's study showed huge reserves upgrade adding about 317 billion barrels (5.04×10 m) of recoverable reserves to the Iranian oil reserves.

After 2003 Iran made some significant discoveries which led to addition of another 7.7 billion barrels (1.22×10 m) of oil to the recoverable reserves of Iran.

The vast majority of Iran's crude oil reserves are located in giant onshore fields in the south-western Khuzestan region near the Iraqi border. Overall, Iran has 40 producing fields – 27 onshore and 13 offshore. Iran's crude oil is generally medium in sulfur and in the 28°-35 °API range.

As at 2012, 98 rigs are in operation in onshore fields, 24 in offshore fields and a single rig is in operation in the Caspian Sea. Iran plans to increase the number of its drilling rigs operating in its onshore and offshore oilfields by 36 units to reach 134 units by March 2014.

Table 1- The biggest NIOC oil fields;

Strategic petroleum reserves

Iran began in 2006 with plans to create a global strategic petroleum reserve with the construction of 15 crude oil storage tanks with a planned capacity of 10 million barrels (1,600,000 m). The storage capacity of oil products in the country is around 11.5 billion liters (2011), but it will reach 16.7 billion liters by the end of the Fifth Five Year Development Plan (2010–2015). As of 2012, Iran is capable of storing crude oil in the Persian Gulf for a period of 10–12 days. The figure should hit 30–40 days after the construction of new storage facilities are completed.

Gas reserves

NIOC holds about 1,000×10^ cu ft (28,000 km) of proven Natural gas reserves of which 36% are as associated gas and 64% is in non-associated gas fields. It stands for world's second largest reserves after Russia.

NIOC's ten biggest Non-Associated Gas Fields;

Recent discoveries

Since 1995, National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) has made significant oil and gas discoveries, standing for some 84-billion-barrels (1.34×10 m) of oil in place and at least 175×10^ cu ft (5,000 km) of gas in place, which are listed below.

Organizational structure

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "National Iranian Oil Company" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The company is completely owned by Iranian government. NIOC's General Assembly (GA) consists of:

• The President
• Vice President
• Director General of the Management and Planning Organization
• Minister of Petroleum
• Minister of Energy
• Minister of Industries and Mines
• Minister of Labor and Social Affairs
• Minister of Economy and Finance

The GA is its highest decision-making body, determining the company's general policy guide lines, and approving the annual budgets, operations and financial statements and balance sheets. The company's board of directors has the authority and major responsibilities to approve the operational schemes within the general framework ratified by the General Assembly, approve transactions and contracts, and prepare budgets and Board reports and annual balance sheets for presentation to the General Assembly.

The Board supervises the implementation of general policy guidelines defined by the General Assembly, and pursues executive operations via the company's Managing Director.

Members of the board

Subsidiary companies

With appropriate division of tasks and delegation of responsibilities to subsidiaries- affiliates, NIOC has been able to establish acceptable degrees of coordination within its organizational set up. In fact, NIOC's Directors act primarily in policy making and supervision while subsidiaries act as their executive arm in coordinating an array of operations such as exploration, drilling, production and delivery of crude oil and natural gas, for export and domestic consumption.

The NIOC's subsidiaries are as follows:

Production costs and investments

The cost of producing each barrel will rise to $30 or more from $7 in 2012.

Iran currently allocates $20 billion a year to develop fields and $10 billion on maintaining output. In the next decade, maintaining production will cost $50 billion, with a similar sum required for development. This does not include development and investment costs in related fields such as Petrochemicals.

NIOC's major domestic contractors

Although usually neglected and overlooked, Iran also has a number of very active private companies in the oil sector. The growing private sector activity is mainly active in projects involving the construction of oil field units, refinery equipment, tanks and pipelines, as well as engineering. Iranian manufacturers will supply oil industry with $10 billion worth of domestically made goods and equipment in 2012.

NIOC produces 60–70% of its industrial equipment domestically including towers, reactors, various turbines, refineries, oil tankers, oil rigs, offshore platforms, valves, pipelines, generators and exploration instruments. Iran is also cooperating with foreign companies to transfer technology to Iranian oil industry. The objective is to become self-sufficient by 85% before 2015. The strategic goods include onshore and offshore drilling rigs, pumps, turbines and precision tools. Domestic production of 52 petrochemical catalysts will be started in 2013.

In 2019, the government sub-contracted projects worth 6.2 billion to domestic contractors. Pending projects include domestication of wellhead equipment, desalinating packages, anti-corrosions, sulfur recovery catalysts, wellhead control panels, among others. According to NIOC in 2019, Iran was manufacturing 12,000 components and complicated equipment of the petroleum industry.

In 2021, Iran announced that 820 domestic firms, including 182 knowledge-based, have manufactured 85% of the parts or equipments needed by the oil and gas sector, worth some $5 billion. The companies have generated some 80,000 and 250,000 jobs directly and indirectly, respectively.

Participations in foreign gas fields

• Iran owns 50% of the offshore gas field of Rhum in the North Sea, which is Britain's largest untapped gas field. It is a joint-venture with BP worth $1 million a day at 15 June 2010 spot prices.
• Iran has another 10% joint-venture participation with BP and other foreign oil companies in Azerbaijani Shah Deniz gas field, producing 8 billion cubic meters of gas per year, worth up to a reported $2.4 billion per year. The Iranian entity with which BP has partnered in these ventures is the Swiss-based Naftiran Intertrade, a subsidiary of NIOC.

Environmental record

According to geographer Richard Heede, is third on the list of companies with the highest level of CO₂ emissions globally with 739 million tonnes (727,000,000 long tons; 815,000,000 short tons) in 2013, amounting to more than 3.1% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions.

See also

• The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement
• International rankings of Iran
• Petroleum industry in Iran
• Ministry of Petroleum of Iran
  • National Iranian Gas Company
  • National Iranian Petrochemical Company
  • National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company
• Economy of Iran
• Iranian oil bourse
• Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
• Privatization in Iran
• Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company – used to be 50% in control of NIOC and the focus of a dispute between Israel and Iran.
• William Knox D'Arcy

References

1. Katzarov, Konstantin (2012), Bradley, Anthony Wilfred (ed.), The Theory of Nationalisation, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 9789401510554, In the second Act, it was declared that from 20 March 1951, the Iranian nation were "lawfully and unquestionably entitled to the entire earnings derived from Oil and Oil Products" (Article 4)... By Article 4, a National Oil Company was established and provision was also made (article 3) for investigating the claims of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company to compensation.
2. "NIOC Chief: Annual oil revenues $110 billion in last Iranian calendar year, ended 20 March 2012". Iran Daily Brief. 6 February 2013.
3. "Iran's NIOC assets surpass $200 billion - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
4. "The Future of Iran's Oil And Gas Sector", Radio Farda, 7 November 2018, retrieved 1 April 2020
5. ^ Iran's foreign trade report Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Iran Trade
6. "PIW Ranks The World's Top Oil Companies". Energyintel. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
7. ^ "D'Arcy, William Knox (1849–1917)". Darcy William Knox. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
8. Myers, Kevin (3 September 2009). "The greatest 20th century beneficiary of popular mythology has been the cad Churchill". Irish Independent.
9. ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7. Cambridge University Press. p. 665.
10. Yousof Mazandi, United Press, and Edwin Muller, Government by Assassination (Reader's Digest September 1951).
11. "Britain Fights Oil Nationalism". New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
12. Sztucki, Jerzy; Interim measures in the Hague Court. Brill Archive. (1984). . p. 43. ISBN 978-90-6544-093-8.
13. ^ "How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79)". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
14. "New York Times article, 1953". The New York Times. 20 August 1953. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
15. Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B.Tauris. 2007. pp. 775
16. The C.I.A. in Iran: Britain Fights Oil Nationalism The New York Times
17. ^ ]. p. 269.
18. ^ Lauterpacht, E. International Law Reports. p. 375.
19. Strategies, Markets and Governance: Exploring Commercial and Regulatory Agendas. p. 235.
20. Kinzer, All the Shah's Men, (2003), pp. 195–6.
21. NIOC Website Brief History of Iran Oil Company
22. ^ "OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin 2006". OPEC. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
23. NIOC Recent Discoveries
24. "Country Analysis Briefs – Iran" (PDF). Energy Information Administration. November 2011. p. 2.
25. ^ Iran heading toward self-sufficiency in building onshore drilling rigs Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine Tehran Times
26. The 8th IIES International Conference "Energy Security and New Challenges", held in 29–30 November 2003, IRIB Conference Center, Tehran, Iran "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
27. "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
28. Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190–193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). "کتاب نفت و توسعه". Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
29. Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190–193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). "کتاب نفت و توسعه". Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2009. and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian) Published by; Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity,2000 "وزارت نيرو _ معاونت برق و انرژی". Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
30. "POGC Website". Pogc.ir. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
31. ^ NIOC Website Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
32. "POGC Website". Pogc.ir. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
33. Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190–193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). "کتاب نفت و توسعه". Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2009. and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian), pp. 132–175, Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity, 2006 "وزارت نيرو _ معاونت برق و انرژی". Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
34. Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190–193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). "کتاب نفت و توسعه". Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2009. and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian), Page 132, Published by; Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity,2006 "وزارت نيرو _ معاونت برق و انرژی". Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
35. SHANA (23 April 2005). "NIOC Official News Agency,(www.Shana.ir),April 23, 2005". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
36. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency,(www.Shana.ir),25/4/2009". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
37. SHANA (25 April 2009). "NIOC Official News Agency,(www.Shana.ir),25/4/2009". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
38. ^ SHANA (15 October 2007). "NIOC Official News Agency,(www.Sahan.ir),October 15, 2007". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
39. ^ NIOC Official Web Site,(www.NIOC.ir) Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
40. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
41. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
42. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
43. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency,(www.Shana.ir),July 02, 2008". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
44. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
45. SHANA. "NIOC Official News Agency". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
46. Iran Oil Ministry Annual Bulletin, 5th Edition, pages 190–193 (available in Persian) (كتاب نفت و توسعه). "کتاب نفت و توسعه". Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2009. and Iran Energy Balance Sheet (ترازنامه انرژی ایران ) (available in Persian), Page 175, Published by; Iran’s Energy Ministry, Secretariat of Energy and Electricity,2006 "وزارت نيرو _ معاونت برق و انرژی". Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
47. IHS International Oil Letter, Vol 24 issue 6, published 15 February 2008
48. SHANA. "Shana.ir, 2008 April 17". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
49. ^ "National Iranian Oil Co/". en.nioc.ir. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
50. "Atieh Bahar". 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
51. Manuchehr Lenziran (5 July 2015). "Member of Majlis reveal existing corruption in buying oil platform by ministry of oil !". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2018 – via YouTube.
52. Manuchehr Lenziran (30 June 2015). "Follow up of billion Euros stolen off shore oil platform !". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2018 – via YouTube.
53. "International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
54. ^ "Iran – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
55. Atieh Bahar: Oil & Gas in Iran (brief Study) Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 4 May 2008
56. "South Pars cumulative production reaches 241 bcm". Tehran Times. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
57. "Iran's oil terminals move to private hands". UPI.com. 21 September 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
58. "Join Zawya Business Development & Solutions, Latest Intelligence on Industry". Zawya. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
59. "No. 3810 | Domestic Economy | Page 4". Irandaily. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
60. "Fars News Agency :: Iran to Boost Oil Terminal Capacity". Archived from the original on 10 July 2012.
61. ^ "Irandaily – No. 4207 – Domestic Economy – Page 4". www.iran-daily.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
62. "Clouds on Iran's Caspian Horizon". Payvand.com. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
63. ^ Calabresi, Massimo (16 June 2010). "Sleeping with the Enemy: BP's Deals with Iran". TIME. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
64. SHANA (13 December 2010). "AOGC Plans Increasing Oil Production to 550 Thousand B/D". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
65. "دسترسی غیر مجاز". iran-daily.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
66. "NIOC research directorate to conduct 25 major projects". 14 August 2019.
67. ^ "Iran's Oil-Output Costs to Quadruple in Coming Years, Paper Says". Bloomberg.
68. "IPS-M-190-2: 4 Line Pipe Standard Similar to API 5L". HYSP Steel Pipe.
69. "Domestically-made equipment worth $10b in Iran oil industry - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
70. Archived 29 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
71. "Iran Daily – Domestic Economy – 04/29/07". 12 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
72. "::.. NIORDC – National Iranian Oil Refining & Distribution Company ." Niordc.ir. 14 July 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
73. SHANA (18 July 2010). "Share of domestically made equipments on the rise". Shana.ir. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
74. "Iran signs EUR 2 billion oil deal with Spanish firm". SteelGuru India. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
75. "Official: Sanctions make Iran oil sector 85% self-sufficient by 2015 - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
76. "Iran seeking self-sufficiency in strategic oil industry goods - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
77. "Iran completely self-sufficient in upstream oil equipment". 10 July 2019.
78. "Official: 12,000 Oil Industry Components Manufactured in Iran - Economy news - Tasnim News Agency". Tasnim News Agency.
79. "Iran able to manufacture over 85% of oil industry equipment". 18 January 2021.
80. "Rick Heede Biography". www.climatemitigation.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
81. Douglas Starr (25 August 2016). "Just 90 companies are to blame for most climate change, this 'carbon accountant' says". Science Magazine.

Further reading

• Ferrier, R.W. (1982). The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Developing Years 1901–1932. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521246477.
• Bamberg, James H (1994). The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521259507.
• Bamberg, James H (2000). The History of the British Petroleum Company: British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1950–1975: The Challenge of Nationalism. Vol. III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521785150.
• Meyer, Karl E; Brysac, Shareen (2008). Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393061994.
• Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Wiley. p. 272. ISBN 9780471265177.
• Louis, Wm. Roger (2007). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization. I.B.Tauris. p. 1082. ISBN 9781845113476.
• Sztucki, Jerzy (1984). Interim measures in the Hague Court. Brill Archive. p. 43. ISBN 9789065440938.
• Vassiliou, Marius (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. p. 662. ISBN 9780810859937.
• Lauterpacht, E. (1973). International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. p. 560. ISBN 9780521463911.
• Strategies, Markets and Governance: Exploring Commercial and Regulatory Agendas. Cambridge University Press. 2008. p. 360. ISBN 9780521868457.
• The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. 1096. ISBN 9780521200950.

External links

• NIOC – official website (in English)
• National Iranian Oil Company's Information Center & Central Library

v t e Energy in Iran
Power stations Petroleum industry Economy Energy subsidies reform plan Transport
Petroleum	National Iranian Oil Company National Iranian South Oil Company Iranian Offshore Oil Company Iranian Central Oil Fields Company Oil reserves OPEC Petroleum industry Defunct Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Natural gas	Gas Exporting Countries Forum Iran LNG National Iranian Gas Company Natural gas reserves Persian LNG South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field
Gasoline	2007 Gasoline Rationing Plan Fuel smuggling National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company
Petrochemicals	Asaluyeh industrial corridor Marun National Petrochemical Company Special industrial economic zones
Pipelines	Dauletabad–Sarakhs–Khangiran Gas Trunkline Iran–Armenia Iran–Iraq–Syria Iran–Oman Iran–Pakistan Korpeje–Kordkuy Nabucco Neka–Jask Tabriz–Ankara
Nuclear	Atomic Energy Organization Facilities Arak Bushehr Darkhovin Fordow Natanz Nuclear program Timeline
Wind	Wind power
Bitumen	Jey Oil Refining Company
Related	Caspian Sea Climate change in Iran Construction industry DESA - Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company ISOICO Khatam al-Anbia SADRA Dams and reservoirs Energy superpower Environmental issues Foreign direct investment Kharg Island Ministry of Energy Ministry of Petroleum Oil Stabilization Fund and National Development Fund Privatization AzarAb HEPCO IDRO Machine Sazi Arak MAPNA Group Sanctions Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action U.S. withdrawal Strait of Hormuz Naftiran Intertrade National Iranian Tanker Company Jey Oil Refining Company

• National Iranian Oil Company
• Iranian brands
• Non-renewable resource companies established in 1951
• National oil and gas companies
• Government-owned companies of Iran
• Iranian companies established in 1951