Nail–patella syndrome - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from Nail-Patella syndrome) Medical condition

Nail–patella syndrome
Other names	NPS

Nail of a patient with nail–patella syndrome
Specialty	Medical genetics
Causes	mutations in the LMX1B gene.

Nail–patella syndrome is a genetic disorder that results in small, poorly developed nails and kneecaps, but can also affect many other areas of the body, such as the elbows, chest, and hips. The name "nail–patella" can be very misleading because the syndrome often affects many other areas of the body, including even the production of certain proteins. The severity of these effects varies depending on the individual. It is also referred to as iliac horn syndrome, hereditary onychoosteodysplasia (HOOD syndrome), Fong disease or Turner–Kieser syndrome.

Diagnosis of NPS can be made at birth but is common for it to remain undiagnosed for several generations. While there is no cure available for NPS, treatment is available and recommended.

Signs and symptoms

The skeletal structures of individuals who have this disorder may have pronounced deformities. As reported by several medical doctors, the following features are commonly found in people who with nail–patella syndrome:

Bones and joints

Patellar involvement is present in approximately 90% of patients; however, patellar aplasia occurs in only 20%.
In instances in which the patellae are smaller or luxated, the knees may be unstable.
The elbows may have limited motion (e.g., limited pronation, supination, extension).
Subluxation of the radial head may occur.
Arthrodysplasia of the elbows is reported in approximately 90% of patients.
General hyperextension of the joints can be present.
Exostoses arising from the posterior aspect of the iliac bones ("iliac horns") are present in as many as 80% of patients; this finding is considered pathognomonic for the syndrome.
Other reported bone changes include scoliosis, scapular hypoplasia, and the presence of cervical ribs.

An elbow of a man with nail–patella syndrome (NPS)
This is a view from a different angle of the same man's other elbow

Glaucoma is also closely associated with nail-patella, specifically open-angled glaucoma (OAG). Side effects may include frequent headaches, blurred vision, or total vision loss. This occurs gradually over time and symptoms may not be evident in children.

Kidney issues may arise such as deposition of protein in the urine and nephritis. Proteinuria is usually the first sign of kidney involvement. It can reveal itself either rapidly or years after having asymptomatic deposition of protein in the urine, kidney failure occurs in around 5% of NPS patients. Hypothyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and thin tooth enamel are associated with NPS, but whether these are related or simply coincidences are unclear.

Genetics

Nail–patella syndrome is inherited via autosomal dominancy linked to aberrancy on human chromosome 9's q arm (the longer arm), 9q34. This autosomal dominancy means that only a single copy, instead of both, is sufficient for the disorder to be expressed in the offspring, meaning the chance of getting the disorder from an affected heterozygous parent is 50%. The frequency of the occurrence is 1/50,000. The disorder is linked to the ABO blood group locus.

It is associated with random mutations in the LMX1B gene. Studies have been conducted and 83 mutations of this gene have been identified.

Diagnosis

The hallmark features of this syndrome are poorly developed fingernails, toenails, and patellae (kneecaps). Sometimes, this disease causes the affected person to have either no thumbnails or a small piece of a thumbnail on the edge of the thumb. The lack of development or complete absence of fingernails results from the loss of function mutations in the LMX1B gene. This mutation may cause a reduction in dorsalising signals, which then results in the failure to normally develop dorsal specific structures such as nails and patellae. Other common abnormalities include elbow deformities, kidney disease, and abnormally shaped pelvic (hip) bones.

Treatment

Treatment for NPS varies depending on the symptoms observed.

Perform screening for kidney disease and glaucoma, surgery, intensive physiotherapy, or genetic counseling.
ACE inhibitors are taken to treat proteinuria and hypertension in NPS patients.
Dialysis and kidney transplant.
Physical therapy, bracing and analgesics for joint pain.

References

Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 786-7. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
Choczaj-Kukula, A., & Janniger, C. K. (2009). Nail–patella syndrome. In emedicine: WebMD. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from WebMD database.
Romero, P., Sanhueza, F., Lopez, P., Reyes, L., & Herrera, L. (2011). C.194 a>C (Q65P) mutation in the LMX1B gene in patients with nail-patella syndrome associated with glaucoma. Molecular Vision, 17(210-11), 1929–1939.
Buatti Chris (August 2007). "Nail-Patella Syndrome". Consultant 360. 47 (8).
RENWICK, J. H.; LAWLER, SYLVIA D. (1955). "Genetical Linkage Between the Abo and Nail-Patella Loci". Annals of Human Genetics. 19 (4): 312–331. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01356.x. ISSN 0003-4800. PMID 14388536. S2CID 30141328.
^ Sweeney E, Fryer A (March 2003). "Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology". Journal of Medical Genetics. 40 (3): 153–162. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.3.153. PMC 1735400. PMID 12624132.
Towers AL, Clay CA, Sereika SM, McIntosh I, Greenspan SL (April 2005). "Skeletal integrity in patients with nail patella syndrome". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (4): 1961–5. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0997. PMID 15623820.
Romero P.; Sanhueza F.; Lopez P.; Reyes L.; Herrera L. (2011). "c.194 A>C (Q65P) mutation in the LMX1B gene in patients with nail-patella syndrome associated with glaucoma". Molecular Vision. 17: 1929–39. PMC 3154131. PMID 21850167.
Wright M J (September 2000). "Achondroplasia and nail-patella syndrome: the compound phenotype". Journal of Medical Genetics. 37 (9): 25e–25. doi:10.1136/jmg.37.9.e25. PMC 1734684. PMID 10978372.
Sweeney, E.; Fryer, A.; Mountford, R.; Green, A.; McIntosh, I. (2003-03-01). "Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology". Journal of Medical Genetics. 40 (3): 153–162. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.3.153. ISSN 0022-2593. PMC 1735400. PMID 12624132.
Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia. Elsevier. 2018. doi:10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0. ISBN 978-0-323-49798-5.
Aronow, Wilbert S. (2010). "Cardiac Arrhythmias". Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Elsevier. pp. 327–337. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6231-8.10045-5. ISBN 978-1-4160-6231-8. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ACE inhibitors have been demonstrated to reduce sudden cardiac death in some studies of persons with CHF.24,56
"Overview and Types of Dialysis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
"20 Common Kidney Transplant Questions and Answers". National Kidney Foundation. 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

External links

GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on nail–patella syndrome

Classification	D ICD-10: Q87.2 (ILDS Q87.230) ICD-9-CM: 756.89 OMIM: 161200 MeSH: D009261 DiseasesDB: 8773 SNOMED CT: 22199006
External resources	eMedicine: ped/1546 derm/813 Orphanet: 2614

v t e Congenital abnormality syndromes
Craniofacial	Acrocephalosyndactyly Apert syndrome Carpenter syndrome Pfeiffer syndrome Saethre–Chotzen syndrome Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome Other Baller–Gerold syndrome Cyclopia Goldenhar syndrome Moebius syndrome Pierre Robin sequence
Short stature	1q21.1 deletion syndrome Aarskog–Scott syndrome Cockayne syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Dubowitz syndrome Noonan syndrome Robinow syndrome Silver–Russell syndrome Seckel syndrome Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome Snyder–Robinson syndrome Turner syndrome
Limbs	Adducted thumb syndrome Holt–Oram syndrome Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome Nail–patella syndrome Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome Gastrulation/mesoderm: Caudal regression syndrome Ectromelia Sirenomelia VACTERL association
Overgrowth syndromes	Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome Benign symmetric lipomatosis Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome Neurofibromatosis type I Perlman syndrome Proteus syndrome Sotos syndrome Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome Weaver syndrome
Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl	Bardet–Biedl syndrome Laurence–Moon syndrome
Combined/other, known locus	2 (Feingold syndrome) 3 (Zimmermann–Laband syndrome) 4/13 (Fraser syndrome) 8 (Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, CHARGE syndrome) 12 (Keutel syndrome, Timothy syndrome) 15 (Marfan syndrome) 19 (Donohue syndrome) Multiple Fryns syndrome

Genetic disorders relating to deficiencies of transcription factor or coregulators

(1) Basic domains

1.2	Feingold syndrome Saethre–Chotzen syndrome
1.3	Tietz syndrome

(2) Zinc finger
DNA-binding domains

2.1	(Intracellular receptor): Thyroid hormone resistance Androgen insensitivity syndrome PAIS MAIS CAIS Kennedy's disease PHA1AD pseudohypoaldosteronism Estrogen insensitivity syndrome X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita MODY 1 Familial partial lipodystrophy 3 SF1 XY gonadal dysgenesis
2.2	Barakat syndrome Tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome
2.3	Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome/Pallister–Hall syndrome Denys–Drash syndrome Duane-radial ray syndrome MODY 7 MRX 89 Townes–Brocks syndrome Acrocallosal syndrome Myotonic dystrophy 2
2.5	Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

3.1	ARX Ohtahara syndrome Lissencephaly X2 MNX1 Currarino syndrome HOXD13 SPD1 synpolydactyly PDX1 MODY 4 LMX1B Nail–patella syndrome MSX1 Tooth and nail syndrome OFC5 PITX2 Axenfeld syndrome 1 POU4F3 DFNA15 POU3F4 DFNX2 ZEB1 Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy Fuchs' dystrophy 3 ZEB2 Mowat–Wilson syndrome
3.2	PAX2 Papillorenal syndrome PAX3 Waardenburg syndrome 1&3 PAX4 MODY 9 PAX6 Gillespie syndrome Coloboma of optic nerve PAX8 Congenital hypothyroidism 2 PAX9 STHAG3
3.3	FOXC1 Axenfeld syndrome 3 Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type FOXC2 Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome FOXE1 Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome FOXE3 Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis FOXF1 ACD/MPV FOXI1 Enlarged vestibular aqueduct FOXL2 Premature ovarian failure 3 FOXP3 IPEX
3.5	IRF6 Van der Woude syndrome Popliteal pterygium syndrome

(4) β-Scaffold factors
with minor groove contacts

4.2	Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
4.3	Holt–Oram syndrome Li–Fraumeni syndrome Ulnar–mammary syndrome
4.7	Campomelic dysplasia MODY 3 MODY 5 SF1 SRY XY gonadal dysgenesis Premature ovarian failure 7 SOX10 Waardenburg syndrome 4c Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
4.11	Cleidocranial dysostosis

(0) Other transcription factors

0.6	Kabuki syndrome

Ungrouped

Transcription coregulators

Coactivator:	CREBBP Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Corepressor:	HR (Atrichia with papular lesions)

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