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Pyrus pyrifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Pyrus
Section:	Pyrus sect. Pashia
Species:	P. pyrifolia
Binomial name
Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nak.
Synonyms
List Pyrus arakiana Koidz. Pyrus asakeensis Koidz. Pyrus autumnalis (Siebold) Koidz. Pyrus babauttiagi Koidz. Pyrus cuneata Koidz. Pyrus higoensis Koidz. Pyrus incubacea Koidz. Pyrus kiushiana Koidz. Pyrus kleinhofiana Koidz. Pyrus lakuhokuensis Koidz. Pyrus lasiogyna Koidz. Pyrus lindleyi Rehder Pyrus nehiyamadonis Koidz. Pyrus pseudocalleryana Uyeki Pyrus pseudouipongensis Uyeki Pyrus pyrifolia var. talyschensis Gladkova Pyrus saidaeana Koidz. Pyrus serotina Rehder Pyrus sinensis Lindl. Pyrus sohayakiensis Koidz. Pyrus tajimaensis Koidz. Pyrus tambana Koidz. Pyrus tobisimensis Koidz. Pyrus togashiana Koidz. Pyrus tsuchiyana Koidz. Pyrus tungusiana Koidz. Pyrus uipongensis Uyeki Pyrus umemurana Koidz. Pyrus uyematsuana Makino Pyrus yohrohensis Koidz.

Pyrus pyrifolia is a species of pear tree native to southern China and northern Indochina that has been introduced to Korea, Japan and other parts of the world. The tree's edible fruit is known by many names, including Asian pear, Persian pear, Japanese pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear, Taiwanese pear, apple pear, zodiac pear, three-halves pear, papple, naspati and sand pear. Along with cultivars of P. × bretschneideri and Pyrus ussuriensis, the fruit is also called the nashi pear. Cultivars derived from Pyrus pyrifolia are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such Pakistan, Nepal, Australia, New Zealand, and America. Traditionally in East Asia the tree's flowers are a popular symbol of early spring, and it is a common sight in gardens and the countryside.

Asian pears

Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	176 kJ (42 kcal)
Carbohydrates	10.65 g
Sugars	7.05 g
Dietary fiber	3.6 g
Fat	0.23 g
Protein	0.5 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV Thiamine (B1) 1% 0.009 mg Riboflavin (B2) 1% 0.01 mg Niacin (B3) 1% 0.219 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 1% 0.07 mg Vitamin B6 1% 0.022 mg Folate (B9) 2% 8 μg Choline 1% 5.1 mg Vitamin C 4% 3.8 mg Vitamin E 1% 0.12 mg Vitamin K 4% 4.5 μg Minerals Quantity %DV Calcium 0% 4 mg Magnesium 2% 8 mg Manganese 3% 0.06 mg Phosphorus 1% 11 mg Potassium 4% 121 mg Sodium 0% 0 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

The fruits are not generally baked in pies or made into jams because they have a high water content and a crisp, grainy texture, very different from the European varieties. They are commonly served raw and peeled. The fruit tends to be quite large and fragrant. When carefully wrapped, having a tendency to bruise because of its juiciness, it can last for several weeks (or more) in a cold, dry place.

Culture

Due to their relatively high price and the large size of the fruit of cultivars, the pears tend to be served to guests, given as gifts, or eaten together in a family setting.

In cooking, ground pears are used in vinegar- or soy sauce-based sauces as a sweetener, instead of sugar. They are also used when marinating meat, especially beef, with a notable example being in the Korean dish bulgogi, due to the presence of enzymes to tenderize the proteins in the meat.

In Australia, these pears were first introduced into commercial production beginning in 1980.

In Japan, fruit is harvested in Chiba, Ibaraki, Tottori, Fukushima, Tochigi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama and other prefectures, except Okinawa. Nashi (梨) may be used as a late Autumn kigo, or "season word", when writing haiku. Nashi no hana (梨の花, pear flower) is also used as a kigo of spring. At least one city (Kamagaya-Shi, Chiba Prefecture) has the flowers of this tree as an official city flower.

In Nepal (Nepali: Naspati नस्पाती) and the Himalayan states of India, they are cultivated as a cash crop in the Middle Hills between about 1,500 and 2,500 metres (5,000 and 8,000 ft) in elevation, where the climate is suitable. The fruit are carried to nearby markets by human porters or, increasingly, by truck, but not for long distances because they bruise easily.

In Taiwan, pears harvested in Japan have become luxurious presents since 1997 and their consumption has jumped.

In China, the term "sharing a pear" (Chinese: 分梨; pinyin: fēn lí) is a homophone of "separate" (simplified Chinese: 分离; traditional Chinese: 分離; pinyin: fēnlí), as a result, sharing a pear with a loved one can be read as a desire to separate from them.

In Korea, the fruit is known as bae (배), and it is grown and consumed in great quantity. In the South Korean city of Naju, there is a museum called The Naju Pear Museum and Pear Orchard for Tourists (나주 배 박물관 및 배밭 관광체험).

In Cyprus, the pears were introduced in 2010 after initially being investigated as a new fruit crop for the island in the early 1990s. They are currently grown in Kyperounta.

Cultivars

Cultivars are classified in two groups. Most of the cultivars belong to the Akanashi ('Russet pears') group, and have yellowish-brown rinds. The Aonashi ('Green pears') have yellow-green rinds.

Important cultivars include:

• 'Chojuro' (長十郎, Japan, 1893?) ('Russet pears')
• 'Kosui' (幸水, Japan, 1959; the most important cultivar in Japan) ('Russet pears')
• 'Hosui' (豊水, Japan, 1972) ('Russet pears')
• 'Imamuraaki' (今村秋, Japan, native) ('Russet pears')
• 'Nijisseiki' (二十世紀, Japan, 1898; name means "20th century", also spelled 'Nijusseiki') ('Green pears')
• 'Niitaka' (新高, Japan, 1927) ('Russet pears')
• 'Okusankichi' (晩三吉, Japan, native) ('Russet pears')
• 'Raja' (new) ('Russet pears')
• 'Shinko' (新興, Japan, pre-1941) ('Russet pears') ('Russet pears')
• 'Hwangkeum' (황금, 黄金, Korea, 1984, 'Niitaka' × 'Nijisseiki')
• 'Huanghuali' (not to be confused with the wood of Dalbergia odorifera, also called Huanghuali)

Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta

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Pyrus pyrifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Pyrus
Species:	P. pyrifolia
Variety:	P. p. var. culta
Trinomial name
Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai

Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (梨) is a Japanese cultivar of pears. It is also known as a Nashi tree. Sometimes called the Sand Pear

Yamanashi Prefecture is named after the fruit.

Kanji

It has a Chinese character representing it in Japanese (梨). It is one of the Kyōiku kanji or Kanji taught in elementary school in Japan.

It is one of the 20 kanji added to the Kyoiku kanji that are found in the names of the following prefectures of Japan

It also generically refers to Pears in Chinese.

Gallery

• A Japanese pear wrapped with a ribbon to give as a gift. A United States quarter is provided for scale
• Sliced
• Whole and cut
• Padded to stop bruising
• Compared to a hand
• Group foamed for shipping
• At a South Korean market
• Nashi pear tree in bloom
• Whole Golden Asian Pear
• Whole Golden Asian Pear

Notes

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2. ^ Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z. & the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 9780025054707.
3. NRCS. "Pyrus pyrifolia". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 March 2012.
4. Lee, Ho-Sun; Isse, Toyoshi; Kawamoto, Toshihiro; Woo, Hyun-Su; Kim, An Keun; Park, Jong Y.; Yang, Mihi (November 2012). "Effects and action mechanisms of Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Shingo) on alcohol detoxification". Phytotherapy Research. 26 (11): 1753–1758. doi:10.1002/ptr.4630. PMID 22451246. S2CID 22181078.
5. Mishkin, Leah (9 October 2017). "Korean pear season in full swing at Hamilton Township farm". NJTV News. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
6. Coyne, Kevin (21 August 2009). "Evergreen Farm Taps New Jersey Market for Ethnic Crops". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
7. アジア1の生産を誇る延辺龍井リンゴ梨 接ぎ木から100周年を祝う. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
8. "NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties. Agfact H4.1.14". Archived from the original on 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
9. In Japanese the fruit is called nashi. The best variety is called shingo in Korean.
10. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
11. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
12. Solomon, Charmaine (1998), "Nashi", Encyclopedia of Asian Food, Periplus Editions, New Holland Publishers, archived from the original on May 21, 2009, retrieved 2008-07-11
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20. Gotame, Tek Prasad; Subedi, Giri Dhari; Dhakal, Maheshwar; Khatiwada, Prerana (December 2015). "Postharvest Handling of Asian Pear in Nepal". Nepal Agricultural Research Council Horticulture Research Division: 1–41 – via ResearchGate.
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24. "独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研". affrc.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
25. "Nashi Variety: Chojuro". New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2002. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
26. "独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研". affrc.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
27. "NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, kosui. Agfact H4.1.14". Archived from the original on 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
28. "独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研". affrc.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
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32. "NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, nijiseiki. Agfact H4.1.14". Archived from the original on 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
33. "独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研". affrc.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
34. "NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, nitaka. Agfact H4.1.14". Archived from the original on 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
35. "独立行政法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 農研機構 果樹研究所: 果樹研". affrc.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
36. "NSW Primary Industries 2002. Nashi Asian pear varieties, okusanki. Agfact H4.1.14". Archived from the original on 2015-06-25. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
37. Edwards, Barbara; Olivella, Mary (2011). From Tree to Table: Growing Backyard Fruit Trees in the Pacific Maritime Climate. Seattle: Skiptone. p. 127. ISBN 9781594855191.
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39. "Nashi Variety: Shinko". New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2002. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
40. Cai, D.-y.; Fan, T.-w.; Teng, Y.-w.; Zhao, C.-z.; Chen, B.-h.; Wang, F.-l. (2008), "Assessment of pear germplasm from the middle area of Gansu province using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers", Journal of Fruit Science, 2008 (3)
41. Z.R. Luo & Q.L. Zhang (2002). "The genetic resources and their utilization of Pyrus pyrifolia in China". Acta Horticulturae (587): 201–205. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.587.23.
42. "Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (PYUPC)[Overview]| EPPO Global Database". gd.eppo.int. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
43. taxonomy. "Taxonomy browser (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
44. "Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
45. "Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta". marsNova. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
46. "Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta - Nashi Tree | FLORA TOSKANA". Flora Toskana GmbH. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
47. "Hortipedia - Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta". en.hortipedia.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
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49. "Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta - efloraofindia". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
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51. "The Kyoiku Kanji (教育漢字) - Kanshudo". www.kanshudo.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
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External links

• Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability - Japanese pear, The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, 1994-11-04.
• (in Japanese) ニホンナシ育成品種の系統図 (Cultivar trees of Japanese pears), National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan
• Shin Hiratsuka, Shao-Ling Zhang "Relationships between fruit set, pollen-tube growth, and S-RNase concentration in the self-incompatible Japanese pear" Scientia Horticulturae, 95 (4), 309-318 (2002).
• Carlos Castillo, Takeshi Takasaki, Toshihiro Saito, Shigemi Norioka, Tetsu Nakanishi "Clonlng of the S₈-RNase (S₈ allele) of Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)" Plant Biotechnology, 19 (1), 1-6 (2002).
• "Pyrus pyrifolia". Plants for a Future.
• Pyrus pyrifolia in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley

v t e Pyrus
Cultivars	Abate Fetel Bosc pear Choke pear Churchland pear Concorde Conference pear D'Anjou Doyenné du Comice Harovin Sundown Huntington pear Le Conte pear Parsonage pear Pêra Rocha Seckel pear Stinking Bishop pear Taylor's gold Warden pear Williams pear Winter Nelis pear
Species	P. anatolica P. armeniacifolia P. boissieriana P. bourgaeana P. calleryana P. communis P. cordata P. elaeagrifolia P. hakkiarica P. korshinskyi P. nivalis P. oxyprion P. pashia P. pyraster P. pyrifolia P. salicifolia P. serikensis P. spinosa P. syriaca P. ussuriensis
Natural hybrids	Pyrus × bretschneideri Pyrus × sinkiangensis
Related topics	Herefordshire Pomona List of pear diseases Perry Tottori Nijisseiki Pear Museum World Apple and Pear Association
Category Commons

• Agriculture in Japan
• Fruits originating in East Asia
• Kyōiku kanji
• Pears
• Pyrus
• Taxa named by Nicolaas Laurens Burman
• Yamanashi Prefecture