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National Civil Rights Museum
U.S. Historic district Contributing property
National Civil Rights Museum in 2022
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Interactive map showing the location of the National Civil Rights Museum
Location	Memphis, Tennessee
Coordinates	35°08′04″N 90°03′27″W / 35.1345°N 90.0576°W / 35.1345; -90.0576
Built	1924
Part of	South Main Street Historic District (ID82004054)
Added to NRHP	1982

The National Civil Rights Museum is a complex of museums and historic buildings in Memphis, Tennessee; its exhibits trace the history of the civil rights movement in the United States from the 17th century to the present. The museum is built around the former Lorraine Motel, which was the site of the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Two other buildings and their adjacent property, also connected with the King assassination, have been acquired as part of the museum complex.

After renovations, the museum reopened in 2014 with an increase in the amount of multimedia and interactive displays, as well as various short films to show highlights. The museum is owned and operated by the Lorraine Civil Rights Museum Foundation, based in Memphis. The Lorraine Motel is owned by the Tennessee State Museum and leased long term to the Foundation to operate as part of the museum complex. In 2016, the museum was honored by becoming a Smithsonian Affiliate museum. It is also a contributing property to the South Main Street Historic District of the National Register of Historic Places.

Location and complex

The complex is located at 450 Mulberry Street, with all properties except the Lorraine Motel owned by the Lorraine Civil Rights Museum Foundation. The motel is owned by the State of Tennessee and operated by the Foundation under a 20-year lease with the Tennessee State Museum in Nashville.

The main museum is located on the south edge of downtown Memphis, in what is now called the South Main Arts District. It is about six blocks east of the Mississippi River. The main 4.14-acre (16,800 m) site includes the museum, the Lorraine Motel, and associated buildings. The museum also owns the Young and Morrow Building at 422 Main Street. This was where James Earl Ray initially confessed (and later recanted) to shooting King. The complex includes Canipe's Amusement Store at 418 Main Street, next to the rooming house where the murder weapon with Ray's fingerprints was found. Included on these grounds is the brushy lot that stood between the rooming house and the motel.

The museum exhibits a number of vehicles of historic value or which are otherwise relevant to the time period. Vehicles on display include an International Harvester garbage truck in an exhibit on the 1968 Memphis sanitation strike that brought King to Memphis, James Earl Ray's 1966 white Ford Mustang, a 1968 Cadillac and 1959 Dodge parked outside the motel, a re-creation of the burned shell of a Greyhound bus used by Freedom Riders, and a bus representative of the Montgomery bus boycott.

History

The site first opened as the 16-room Windsor Hotel in 1924, and was later known as the Marquette Hotel. In 1945, Walter Bailey purchased it and renamed it for his wife Loree and the song "Sweet Lorraine".

During the segregation era, Bailey operated the hotel as upscale lodging that catered to a black clientele. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned segregated businesses, Bailey believed he needed to improve the facility to compete with other hotels that were no longer whites-only. He expanded the complex significantly later that year, adding a second floor, a swimming pool, and drive-up access for new rooms on the south side of the complex. Accordingly, he then changed the name from the Lorraine Hotel to the Lorraine Motel. Many musicians stayed at the motel in the 1960s while recording at Memphis' Stax Records, including Ray Charles, Lionel Hampton, Aretha Franklin, Ethel Waters, Otis Redding, the Staple Singers and Wilson Pickett.

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. stayed in Room 306 of the Lorraine Motel in early April 1968, while working to organize protests around the ongoing Memphis sanitation strike. While standing on the balcony outside his room on the evening of April 4, King was shot once in the face by an unseen assassin. King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead about an hour later. James Earl Ray, a resident of a rooming house across the street from the motel, was convicted of King's murder in 1969. Ray pleaded guilty to the murder, but later recanted his confession. The King family, alongside many others, have long believed that Ray was not the culprit and that the assassination was carried out by a group of conspirators, possibly including agents of the U.S. federal government. In the Loyd Jowers trial in 1999, a Memphis jury found Loyd Jowers, owner of a restaurant near the motel, liable for King's wrongful death.

Within days of the assassination, King's supporters began asking Bailey to build a permanent memorial at the motel, with one early suggestion being an eternal flame similar to the one at the grave of John F. Kennedy. On May 2, 1968, one of the caravans of marchers headed to participate in the Poor People's March on Washington started its journey at the Lorraine Motel. King's widow, Coretta Scott King, and his successor as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Ralph Abernathy, unveiled a memorial plaque at the motel shortly before the march started. In June, Room 306 was converted into a shrine to King's memory which was opened to the public. Touring the Dr. Martin Luther King Memorial Room was initially free, but later cost an admission fee of $1.

Establishing the memorial foundation

In the years following the assassination, business at the motel declined and Bailey ran into increasing debts, even as the assassination site became a frequent destination for sightseers. Approximately 15,000 people signed the motel's guestbook in 1980, while a report by the Shelby County Office of Planning and Development that year estimated that 70,000 people took commercial tours that stopped at the motel annually. Based on the findings of this report, the county considered purchasing the motel and turning it into a memorial or museum.

In April 1982, Bailey defaulted on a $140,000 construction loan, causing the lender to attempt foreclosure on the property. Bailey filed for bankruptcy a few days later, halting the foreclosure auction, and the news of the foreclosure provoked local business leaders to try to save the motel. The Martin Luther King Memphis Memorial Foundation, a newly-established non-profit organization, agreed to purchase the motel from Bailey for $240,000, which it would need to raise from donors to finalize the sale. Later that year, the motel was added to the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the South Main Street Historic District.

The foundation held a series of fundraising events to purchase the motel property, including an exhibition basketball game at the Mid-South Coliseum that featured Magic Johnson, Isiah Thomas, George Gervin, and Marques Johnson. However, these efforts raised only $96,568 of the needed $240,000 in time for the set deadline of October 28, 1982, leading the motel to be placed back on the auction block. The foundation took out a $50,000 loan and was able to win the ensuing auction with its only bid of $144,000.

The group, which changed its name to the Lorraine Civil Rights Museum Foundation, stopped charging admission to tour Room 306 in March 1983. The foundation continued to operate the Lorraine as a single-room occupancy motel while seeking to raise funds to convert the building into a museum. However, it proved difficult to gather the millions of dollars needed for the construction. In May 1987, the foundation reached an agreement with the state of Tennessee, Shelby County, and the city of Memphis to develop the museum. The foundation agreed to sell the property to the state, which would provide $4.4 million in funding to build a museum that would be designed and controlled by the foundation, while the city and county would each provide another $2.2 million.

The motel closed to customers on January 10, 1988, when the state took possession of the property. Former owner Walter Bailey moved out of his residence in the motel that day after living there for over 40 years. Bailey died later that year.

Jacqueline Smith protest

When the motel closed, one of the remaining long-term tenants, Jacqueline Smith, refused to leave her room. Smith, who had lived at the motel since 1973 and had worked there as a housekeeper, protested the creation of the museum. Smith thought King would have objected to having millions of dollars spent on a memorial for him, evicting poor residents in the process, instead of policies and programs that would benefit the neighborhood community, which was generally lower-income and predominantly Black at the time. She saw the creation of the museum as part of a larger gentrification of the South Main Street area, pushing out poor residents as part of transforming it into the South Main Arts District.

Smith continued to live inside the closed motel, which was surrounded with an eight-foot-tall chain-link fence, for several weeks. On March 2, 1988, four sheriff's deputies forcibly carried her out of the building, while she shouted, "You people are making a mistake If King were alive he wouldn't want this." Before the eviction, Smith had told reporters, "If I can't live at The Lorraine, I'll camp out on the sidewalk out front." After she was removed from the building and her belongings were dumped on the curb outside, she covered the items with a tarp and pitched a tent next to them.

Smith has lived outside the museum ever since, in a round-the-clock vigil that has lasted for more than 35 years. Her presence caused delays in the construction of the museum, as the construction work risked endangering her safety. As a result, she was ordered to leave her spot on the sidewalk outside the motel. On July 16, 1990, Smith was forcibly carried from that spot and dumped on the opposite side of the street.

Since her vigil began, Smith has spoken to thousands of museum visitors, including former president Jimmy Carter. Carter visited the museum site in December 1991 when his daughter Amy graduated from the Memphis College of Art, but did not enter the museum after listening to Smith's criticisms, which Amy agreed with. However, when Carter received an award in September 1994 for his humanitarian work in Haiti, he attended the award ceremony at the museum, leading Smith to feel that he had betrayed her. In addition to her criticism of the gentrification of the South Main neighborhood, Smith has also criticized the museum for its inherent focus on the moment of King's violent death, referring to it as the "James Earl Ray Memorial". In a 2018 column in the Memphis Commercial Appeal, Smith elaborated on her stance, saying, "Let's relocate the museum within Memphis, along with its Klan hoods, James Earl Ray rifle, and other negative memorabilia and turn the Lorraine into an establishment that Dr. King and Memphis can be rightly proud of and where visitors can experience his dream in action."

Museum opening in 1991

The Foundation worked with Smithsonian Institution curator Benjamin Lawless to develop a design to save historical aspects of the site. The Nashville, Tennessee firm McKissack and McKissack was tapped to design a modern museum on those portions of the grounds that were not directly related to the assassination.

A groundbreaking ceremony for the museum was held on January 27, 1989. The museum was dedicated on July 4, 1991, and officially opened to the public on September 28, 1991. D'Army Bailey was the founding president of the museum.

In 1999, the Foundation acquired the Young and Morrow Building, and its associated vacant lot on the West side of Mulberry, as part of the museum complex. A tunnel was built under the lot to connect the building with the motel. The Foundation became the custodian of the police and evidence files associated with the assassination, including the rifle and fatal bullet. The latter are on display in a 12,800-square-foot (1,190 m) exhibit in the former Y & M building, which opened September 28, 2002.

Renegotiation of lease with state in 2007

Through the years, there has been controversy over composition of the board of the museum Foundation and of the mission of the museum, as people have differing opinions. These issues came to a head in December 2007, as the museum foundation was asking the state, which owned the property, to extend its lease for 50 years rent-free. Bailey, a circuit court judge, said he was disappointed with the museum's emphasis on history. He said that he had envisioned it as an institution to inspire activism. By 2007, members of the board included whites from the corporate world. Bailey and other community activists criticized the board as "too white" and claimed they were shutting out the community. Beverly Robertson, then director of the museum, defended the board and the museum's operation.

Gregory Duckett, a board member, disagreed with Bailey's interpretation, saying the museum was never designed as an activist institution. Robertson noted that many board members were African Americans who had been activists and also entered corporate life. In 2007, the state agreed to a 20-year lease, while taking over major maintenance of the complex. It required the museum board to hold annual public meetings and increase the number of African-American board members.

2012 renovations

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2020)

The main museum closed in November 2012 for a $27.5 million renovation, to include changes to exhibits and upgrades to building systems. The exhibits were updated for historical accuracy and to add to their evocative power; the work was guided by a group of recognized civil rights scholars. Many of the museum's most popular exhibits did not change, such as Room 306 (where King was staying when he died), the replica sanitation truck (King came to Memphis to support an AFSCME sanitation workers' strike), and the replica of the bus Rosa Parks rode in Montgomery, Alabama, before initiating the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955–1956. The original bus resides at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

In the 2014 reopening, a major new exhibit featured is a replica of the U.S. Supreme Court room where oral argument was heard in 1954 in the seminal Brown v. Board of Education, in which the Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. This was a major victory for the civil rights movement. The museum has several interactive kiosks where patrons can access audio, images, text and video about the full civil rights movement. Visitors can search for text based on event, location, or theme. Many exhibits now feature "listening stations" where patrons with headphones can hear audio about the exhibit they are seeing; one features the voice of Malcolm X in a debate. More than 40 new short films throughout the museum also enhance the effect of the exhibits.

The renovated museum opened to the public on April 5, 2014. The Associated Press review said, "The powerful, visceral exhibit the tone for an evocative, newly immersive museum experience that chronicles the history of the civil rights struggle in America." King scholar Clayborne Carson of Stanford University said that the museum's renovations present "the best and most recent scholarship on civil rights available today".

See also

• The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306
• Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
• International Civil Rights Center and Museum site of the Greensboro, North Carolina sit-ins
• National Voting Rights Museum
• The Mountaintop (2009 play)
• Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
• List of memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
• List of museums in Tennessee
• List of museums focused on African Americans
• Civil rights movement in popular culture

References

1. "We Are Prepared to Die: The Freedom Rides 1961". National Civil Rights Museum.
2. "Windsor Hotel—Newly opened", Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 10, 1924, page 26.
3. ^ "Lorraine Motel". www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
4. Stokes, John. "Competition Now Goes Both Ways", Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 17, 1964, page 44.
5. Grand opening advertisement, Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 13, 1964, Section 2, page 4.
6. "Fact Sheet". National Civil Rights Museum. Archived from the original on December 28, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
7. "Strike Action Still Centers On Mediation", Memphis Press-Scimitar, April 11, 1968, front page.
8. Scroggs, Larry. "Emotion Outpaces Mules As Poor People's March Steps Off From Fatal Spot", Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 3, 1968, front page.
9. "King Memorial Lures Stream Of Onlookers", Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 17, 1968, page 8.
10. ^ "No admission charge", Memphis Press-Scimitar, March 5, 1983, page 33.
11. ^ Dunn, Ed. "Lorraine Motel Options Given", Memphis Press-Scimitar, January 16, 1981, second section, page 15.
12. "Lorraine Eyed As Tourist Spot", Memphis Commercial Appeal, November 8, 1980, page 16.
13. Downing, Shirley. "Foreclosure To Force Lorraine Motel's Sale", Memphis Commercial Appeal, April 21, 1982, page B1.
14. "Bankruptcy Filing Stops Lorraine Motel Auction", Memphis Press-Scimitar, April 27, 1982, page A6.
15. "Efforts To Save Lorraine Motel Gain Support", Memphis Commercial Appeal, April 24, 1982, page B1.
16. "Group Purchasing Lorraine Motel", Memphis Commercial Appeal, April 28, 1982, front page.
17. Smith, Whitney. "Bid To Save Lorraine Motel Elicits Nationwide Response", Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 21, 1982, page B1.
18. "Jackson's first steps go in right direction", Memphis Press-Scimitar, September 18, 1982, page 26.
19. Locker, Richard. "Hopes Dim For Drive To Save The Lorraine", Memphis Commercial Appeal, October 28, 1982, front page and page A12.
20. Williams, Leroy Jr. "Lorraine Is Saved By Foundation Bid", Memphis Commercial Appeal, December 14, 1982, front page and page A8.
21. Locker, Richard. "Lorraine Motel civil rights museum is OK'd", Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 15, 1987, front page and page A6.
22. Buser, Lawrence. "Emotions flow as motel empties", Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 11, 1987, front page and page A8.
23. "Walter Bailey, Lorraine Motel Owner, 73". The New York Times. July 7, 1988.
24. Christion, Cornell. "Last tenant refuses to vacate Lorraine", Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 30, 1987, page A12.
25. Chambers, Douglas B. (October 1999). "This Dreamer Cometh: The National Civil Rights Museum". American Visions. 14 (5): 40.
26. "A One-Woman Protest at the Lorraine Motel". Washington Post. May 16, 2014.
27. Low, Harry (April 13, 2018). "The woman still protesting over Martin Luther King". Retrieved March 8, 2019.
28. Wang, Sean H (October 2017). "Walking in Memphis: revisiting the street politics of Ms Jacqueline Smith". Cultural Geographies. 24 (4): 611–616. Bibcode:2017CuGeo..24..611W. doi:10.1177/1474474017702509.
29. Dean, Terry. "Side Trip – Jacqueline Smith's personal, and private, crusade". Austinweeklynews.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
30. "Evicted from the Lorraine Motel, last tenant vows to keep fighting", Memphis Commercial Appeal, March 3, 1988, page B2.
31. "Eviction Empties Motel Where Dr. King Died". The New York Times. March 3, 1988.
32. Jordan, Mark (April 2, 1998). "News Feature". The Memphis Flyer. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
33. Hirschman, Dave. "Protester's presence halts work at Lorraine", Memphis Commercial Appeal, July 6, 1990, front page and page A4.
34. Hirschman, Dave. "Deputies haul Ms. Smith from Lorraine", Memphis Commercial Appeal, July 17, 1990, front page and page A8.
35. Low, Harry (April 13, 2018). "The woman still protesting over Martin Luther King". Retrieved March 8, 2019.
36. Thomas, William. "Foe of rights museum refuses Carter's hand", Memphis Commercial Appeal, September 23, 1994, page A8.
37. Smith, Jacqueline. "How we dishonor Dr. King's life, legacy", Memphis Commercial Appeal, April 2, 2018, page 4A.
38. ^ Cornish, Audie (December 16, 2007). "Mission of National Civil Rights Museum Questioned". NPR. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
39. Risher, Wayne. "Turf is turned for King shrine", Memphis Commercial Appeal, January 28, 1989, front page and page A11.
40. "Renovation | National Civil Rights Museum". www.civilrightsmuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
41. "Rosa Parks Bus - Curating & Preserving - The Henry Ford". www.thehenryford.org. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
42. ^ "National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis Reopening". The New York Times. Associated Press. March 31, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2014.

External links

• National Civil Rights Museum
• National Civil Rights Museum – Information
• TN History for Kids article about the museum

v t e Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
Events (timeline)	Prior to 1954 Journey of Reconciliation Executive Order 9981 Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore Sweatt v. Painter (1950) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) Baton Rouge bus boycott 1954–1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom "Give Us the Ballot" Royal Ice Cream sit-in Little Rock Nine Cooper v. Aaron Civil Rights Act of 1957 Ministers' Manifesto Katz Drug Store sit-in Kissing Case Biloxi wade-ins 1960–1963 New Year's Day March Sit-in movement Greensboro sit-ins Nashville sit-ins Sibley Commission Atlanta sit-ins Savannah Protest Movement Greenville Eight Civil Rights Act of 1960 Ax Handle Saturday Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia University of Georgia desegregation riot Rock Hill sit-ins Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address Freedom Rides Anniston bombing Birmingham attack Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement Cambridge movement University of Chicago sit-ins "Second Emancipation Proclamation" Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot Atlanta's Berlin Wall "Segregation now, segregation forever" Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights Detroit Walk to Freedom March on Washington "I Have a Dream" Big Six St. Augustine movement 1964–1968 Twenty-fourth Amendment Chester school protests Bloody Tuesday 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests Freedom Summer workers' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung 1964–1965 Scripto strike 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches "How Long, Not Long" Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement Loving v. Virginia Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Civil Rights Act of 1968 Poor People's Campaign Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 1968 Olympics Black Power salute
Activist groups	Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Negro Voters League Atlanta Student Movement Black Panther Party Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Committee for Freedom Now Committee on Appeal for Human Rights An Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Council of Federated Organizations Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Lowndes County Freedom Organization Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Montgomery Improvement Association NAACP Youth Council Nashville Student Movement Nation of Islam Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) The Freedom Singers United Auto Workers (UAW) Wednesdays in Mississippi Women's Political Council
Activists	Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann Muhammad Ali William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Bruce Boynton Raylawni Branch Stanley Branche Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Ralph Bunche John H. Calhoun Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J. L. Chestnut Shirley Chisholm Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Josephine Dobbs Clement Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Abraham Lincoln Davis Angela Davis Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Bell Robinson Devine John Wesley Dobbs Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers-Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Robert Graetz Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Fred Hampton William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Audrey Faye Hendricks Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T. R. M. Howard Ruby Hurley Cecil Ivory Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T. J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A. D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Danny Lyon Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Bob Mants Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Cecil B. Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore Queen Mother Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Huey P. Newton Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Rodney N. Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Walter Reuther Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Angela Russell Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Bobby Seale Pete Seeger Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A. P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C. T. Vivian A. T. Walden Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Q. V. Williamson Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. Bob Zellner James Zwerg
By region	Omaha, Nebraska South Carolina
Movement songs	"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" "If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" "Kumbaya" "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" "Oh, Freedom" "This Little Light of Mine" "We Shall Not Be Moved" "We Shall Overcome" "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
Influences	Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W. E. B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune
Related	Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Hernandez v. Texas Loving v. Virginia African-American women in the movement Jews in the civil rights movement Fifth Circuit Four 16th Street Baptist Church Kelly Ingram Park A.G. Gaston Motel Bethel Baptist Church Brown Chapel Dexter Avenue Baptist Church Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African-American churches attacked List of lynching victims in the United States Freedom Schools Freedom songs Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence" Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture African American founding fathers of the United States Eyes on the Prize
Legacy	In popular culture Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Civil Rights Movement Archive Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument Freedom Rides Museum Freedom Riders National Monument King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Martin Luther King Jr. Day Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial other King memorials Mississippi Civil Rights Museum National Civil Rights Museum National Voting Rights Museum St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument Olympic Black Power Statue
Noted historians	Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Thomas E. Ricks Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers
Civil rights movement portal

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• Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.
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• Hotels established in 1924
• 1924 establishments in Tennessee
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