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(Redirected from National poets) Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture

Tomb of James Clarence Mangan, with legend describing him as "Ireland's national poet."

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.

Most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered "national poets". Though not formally elected, national poets play a role in shaping a country's understanding of itself. Some nations may have more than one national poet; the idea of a single one is always a simplification. It has been argued that a national poet "must write poetry that closely identifies with the nation's cause – or is thought to do so", with an additional assumption being that "a national poet must write in a national language".

The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets. It is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms "nation" (as cultural concept), "country" (as geographical concept) and "state" (as political concept) are not synonyms.

Africa

Hadrawi of Somalia
Country or Territory Poet Sources
 Algeria Si Mohand, Moufdi Zakaria
 Angola Agostinho Neto
 Burkina Faso Titinga Frédéric Pacéré
 Cape Verde Jorge Barbosa
 Democratic Republic of Congo Antoine-Roger Bolamba (J'ongungu)
 Djibouti Victor Hugo M'Gonagall
 Egypt Ahmed Shawqi
 Ethiopia Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin
 Ghana Atukwei Okai, Kofi Awoonor
 Kenya Abdilatif Abdalla
 Lesotho Thomas Mofolo
 Liberia Melvin B. Tolson
 Libya Ahmed Rafiq Almhadoui
 Madagascar Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
 Mali Fily Dabo Sissoko
 Mauritius Léoville L'Homme
 Morocco Mohammed Awzal
 Mozambique José Craveirinha
 Namibia Mvula ya Nangolo
 Nigeria Christopher Okigbo
 São Tomé and Príncipe Francisco José Tenreiro, Alda Neves do Espírito Santo
 Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor
 Sierra Leone Davidson Nicol
 Somalia Hadrawi
 South Africa S. E. K. Mqhayi
 Tanzania Shaaban bin Robert
 Tunisia Aboul-Qacem Echebbi
 Western Sahara Zaim Allal

Asia

Country (or region) Poet Sources
 Afghanistan Rumi, Khushal Khattak
 Bangladesh Kazi Nazrul Islam
 China Du Fu, Li Bai
 Cambodia Preah Botumthera Som
 India Maithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kalidasa, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Rabindranath Tagore
 Indonesia Chairil Anwar
 Iran Ferdowsi, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, Omar Khayyám, Saadi, Nizami Ganjavi, Rudaki,Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar,Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār,Rakhshandeh E'tesami
 Iraq Muthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri
 Israel Yehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Natan Alterman ,
 Japan Matsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Tanikawa Shuntaro, Ishikawa Takuboku
 Jordan Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal
 Kazakhstan Abai Qunanbaiuli
Korea Cho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong Cheol
 Kurdistan Hemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê Xanî
 Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Satylganov
 Lebanon Kahlil Gibran, Said Akl
 Malaysia Usman Awang
 Mongolia Ochirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa Sendoo
 Myanmar Min Thu Wun
   Nepal Madhav Prasad Ghimire
 Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal
 Palestine Mahmoud Darwish
 Philippines Francisco Balagtas
 Sri Lanka Parakrama Kodituwakku
 Syria Nizar Qabbani
 Taiwan Yang Mu, Yu Youren
 Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar Keldi
 Thailand Sunthorn Phu
 Tibet Tsering Woeser
 Turkey Rumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif Ersoy
 Turkmenistan Magtymguly Pyragy
 Uzbekistan Ali-Shir Nava'i, Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, Mirtemir
 Vietnam Nguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân Hương
 Yemen Abdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman

Europe

Country (or region) Poet Sources
 Albania Gjergj Fishta, Naim Frashëri
 Abkhazia Dmitry Gulia
 Armenia Hovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents
 Austria Franz Grillparzer ,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria Rilke
 Azerbaijan Nizami Ganjavi, Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad Vurgun
 Bashkortostan Rami Garipov, Mustai Karim
 Basque Country Bernard Etxepare
 Belarus Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas
 Belgium Emile Verhaeren, Maurice Maeterlinck
 Catalonia Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer
 Chechnya Ismail Kerimov
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Abdulah Sidran, Mak Dizdar, Izet Sarajlić
 Brittany Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué
 Bulgaria Hristo Botev, Ivan Vazov
 Carpathian Ruthenia Alexander Dukhnovych
 Croatia Marko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić
 Cyprus Vasilis Michaelides
 Czech Republic (Czech lands) Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan Neruda
 Dagestan Rasul Gamzatov
 Denmark Adam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig
 Faroe Islands William Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á Ryggi
 England Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip Larkin
 Estonia Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia Koidula
 Finland Eino Leino, Elias Lönnrot, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith Södergran
 Flanders Émile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus
 Friesland Gysbert Japicx (or Japiks)
 France Charles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Arthur Rimbaud
 Galicia Rosalía de Castro, Ramón Cabanillas
 Georgia Shota Rustaveli
 Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, Stefan George
 Greece Homer, Sappho, Pindar, Solon, Dionysios Solomos
 Guernsey George Métivier
 Hungary Sándor Petőfi, János Arany
 Iceland Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson
 Ireland Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Patrick Pearse
 Isle of Man T. E. Brown
 Italy Ovid, Virgil, Horace, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'Annunzio
 Jersey Wace
 Kosovo Ali Podrimja
 Latvia Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs
 Lithuania Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius
 Luxembourg Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz
 Malta Dun Karm Psaila
 Moldova Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu
 Monaco Louis Notari
 Montenegro Petar II Petrović-Njegoš
 Netherlands Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats
 North Macedonia Kočo Racin
 North Ossetia-Alania Kosta Khetagurov
 Northern Cyprus Özker Yaşın
 Norway Henrik Wergeland
 Occitania Frédéric Mistral, Arnaut Daniel, Bernart de Ventadorn, Comtessa de Dia
 Poland Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński
 Portugal Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa
 Provence Frédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia
 Romania Mihai Eminescu
 Russia Alexander Pushkin, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin
 Sápmi Anders Fjellner
 Scotland Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmid
 Serbia Desanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj
 Slovakia Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav
 Slovenia France Prešeren
 Spain Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García Lorca
 Styria Peter Rosegger
 Sweden Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér
  Switzerland Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler
 Tatarstan Ğabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin, Fänis Yarullin [tt]
 Turkey Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet
 Ukraine Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka
 Wales Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym

North America

Country or Territory Poets Sources
 Barbados Kamau Brathwaite
 Canada Margaret Atwood, E. Pauline Johnson, E. J. Pratt, Al Purdy, Milton Acorn
 Costa Rica Aquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge Debravo
 Cuba José Martí, Lezama Lima, Agustín Acosta (1955), Nicolás Guillén (1961), Nancy Morejón (2018)
 Curaçao Pierre Lauffer
 Dominican Republic Pedro Mir
 El Salvador Roque Dalton
 Greenland Henning Jakob Henrik Lund
 Guadeloupe Guy Tirolien
 Guatemala Rafael Landívar
 Haiti Oswald Durand
 Honduras Roberto Sosa
 Jamaica Claude McKay
 Martinique Aimé Césaire
 Mexico Octavio Paz, Ramón López Velarde
 Nicaragua Rubén Darío
 Panama Ricardo Miró
 Puerto Rico Julia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia Vicéns
 Quebec Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Gilles Vigneault, Octave Crémazie
 Saint Lucia Derek Walcott
 Sint Maarten Lasana M. Sekou
 Trinidad and Tobago E. M. Roach
 United States Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Wright, Allen Ginsberg

Oceania

Country Poets
 Australia Dorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson, C.J. Dennis
 New Zealand James K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen Curnow
 Tonga Konai Helu Thaman

South America

Country Poets Sources
 Argentina José Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones
 Bolivia Rosendo Villalobos
 Brazil Gonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de Assis
 Chile Pablo Neruda, Gabriela Mistral
 Colombia Rafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro Mutis
 Ecuador José Joaquín de Olmedo, Remigio Crespo Toral
 Guyana Martin Carter
 Peru César Vallejo
 Suriname Trefossa
 Uruguay Juan Zorrilla de San Martín
 Venezuela Andrés Eloy Blanco

See also

References

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