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Necrolestes Temporal range: Early Miocene (Colhuehuapian-Santacrucian) ~21.0–17.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skull of N. patagonensis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Cladotheria
Clade:	†Meridiolestida
Family:	†Necrolestidae Ameghino, 1891
Genus:	†Necrolestes Ameghino, 1891
Type species
Necrolestes patagonensis Ameghino, 1891
Species
†N. patagonensis Ameghino, 1891 †N. mirabilis Goin et al., 2007

Necrolestes ("grave robber" or "thief of the dead") is an extinct genus of mammals, which lived during the Early Miocene in what is now Argentine Patagonia. It is the most recent known genus of Meridiolestida, an extinct group of mammals more closely related to therians (marsupials and placentals) than to monotremes, which were the dominant mammals in South America during the Late Cretaceous. It contains two species, N. patagonensis and N. mirabilis; the type species N. patagonensis was named by Florentino Ameghino in 1891 based on remains found by his brother, Carlos Ameghino in Patagonia. Fossils of Necrolestes have been found in the Sarmiento and Santa Cruz Formations. Its morphology suggests that it was a digging, subterranean-dwelling mole-like mammal that fed on invertebrates.

Description

About one-third of the skeleton of N. patagonensis—including most of the skull— has been found as disassociated bones of several individuals. The snout bends upwards at its end. The opening of the nasal fenestra has a septomaxilla separating the nasal and premaxilla bones, which is unknown in therian mammals, with the nasal fenestra also appearing to have ossified external nasal cartilage. The forelimbs have numerous characters in common with those of fossorial mammals, including a medially curved olecranon process of the ulna, and a mediolaterally compressed head of the humerus.

Ecology

Necrolestes was probably a subterranean mole-like mammal that fed on invertebrates. The morphology of the snout suggests that it dug by lifting its snout upwards, similar to modern marsupial moles and golden moles, as well as by using its forelimbs. The high volume of the middle ear suggests that it had enhanced hearing of low-frequency sounds.

Classification

Its classification was historically unclear due to it being highly apomorphic and having an anatomy unlike any other known mammal, living or extinct. It was thought to be a therian mammal; placement within either the marsupial lineage (Metatheria) or as a member of Eutheria would have been possible given that South America as an island had extensive lineages of both marsupial and placental mammals. However, phylogenetic analyses conducted by Rougier et al. (2012), Chimento, Agnolin and Novas (2012) and Averianov, Martin and Lopatin (2013) recovered Necrolestes in an unexpected phylogenetic position as a nontherian mammal that belonged to the clade Meridiolestida; if confirmed this would make Necrolestes the youngest known member of the group. Within Meridiolestida, Rougier et al. (2012) found Necrolestes to be particularly closely related to the genera Cronopio and Leonardus; Chimento et al. (2012) found it to be in unresolved polytomy with Cronopio, Leonardus and the clade containing all other meridiolestidans while Averianov et al. (2013) recovered Cronopio, Necrolestes and Leonardus as forming a grade at the base of Meridiolestida rather than a clade. A subsequent 2017 monograph of the skull anatomy further supported a placement within Meridiolestida.

Phylogeny

This cladogram follows the paper of Rougier, Wible, Beck and Apesteguía of 2012:

References

1. Florentino Ameghino (1891). "Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. Especies nuevas, adiciones y correciones". Revista Argentina de Historia Natural. 1: 289–328.
2. Necrolestes at Fossilworks.org
3. ^ Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2017-06-15). "Craniomandibular Anatomy of the Subterranean Meridiolestidan Necrolestes patagonensis Ameghino, 1891 (Mammalia, Cladotheria) from the Early Miocene of Patagonia". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 84 (3): 183–252. doi:10.2992/007.084.0302. ISSN 0097-4463.
4. Asher, Robert J.; Horovitz, Ine´S; Martin, Thomas; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (2007). "Neither a Rodent nor a Platypus: a Reexamination of Necrolestes patagonensis Ameghino". American Museum Novitates (3546): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3546[1:NARNAP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082.
5. ^ Guillermo W. Rougier; John R. Wible; Robin M. D. Beck; Sebastian Apesteguía (2012). "The Miocene mammal Necrolestes demonstrates the survival of a Mesozoic nontherian lineage into the late Cenozoic of South America". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (49): 20053–20058. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10920053R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212997109. PMC 3523863. PMID 23169652.
6. ^ Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas (2012). "The Patagonian fossil mammal Necrolestes: a Neogene survivor of Dryolestoidea" (PDF). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva Serie. 14 (2): 261–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
7. ^ Alexander O. Averianov; Thomas Martin; Alexey V. Lopatin (2013). "A new phylogeny for basal Trechnotheria and Cladotheria and affinities of South American endemic Late Cretaceous mammals". Naturwissenschaften. 100 (4): 311–326. Bibcode:2013NW....100..311A. doi:10.1007/s00114-013-1028-3. PMID 23494201. S2CID 18504005.

v t e Mammalia
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Clade: Therapsida Clade: Cynodontia Clade: Mammaliaformes Synapsida see Synapsida Cynodontia see Cynodontia Mammalia see below↓
Mammalia Australosphenida? †Ambondro †Tendagurutherium? Monotremata? †Henosferidae Asfaltomylos Henosferus †Ausktribosphenidae Ausktribosphenos Bishops? Kryoparvus? Monotremata †Kollikodontidae? Kollikodon Kryoryctes? Sundrius †Steropodontidae Parvopalus? Steropodon †Teinolophidae Stirtodon? Teinolophos Ornithorhynchoidea †Opalios Ornithorhynchidae †Dharragarra? †Monotrematum? †Obdurodon Ornithorhynchus †Patagorhynchus? Tachyglossidae †Megalibgwilia †Murrayglossus Tachyglossus Zaglossus †Allotheria? see Allotheria includes multituberculates Theriimorpha see below↓
Theriimorpha Theriimorpha †Acinacodus †Amphidon †Amphilestes †Aploconodon †Chaoyangodens †Comodon †Condorodon †Dyskritodon? †Fruitafossor? †Hakusanodon †Indotriconodon †Juchilestes †Jueconodon †Kemchugia †Kryptotherium †Liaoconodon †Liaotherium †Manchurodon †Nakunodon †Phascolotherium †Sangarotherium †Tendagurodon †Allotheria? Monotremata? †Gobiconodontidae Fuxinoconodon Gobiconodon Hangjinia Huasteconodon? Meemannodon Repenomamus Spinolestes †Jeholodentidae Jeholodens Yanoconodon †Klameliidae? Ferganodon Klamelia †Triconodontidae Alticonodon Arundelconodon Astroconodon Corviconodon Eotriconodon Jugulator Meiconodon Priacodon Triconodon Trioracodon Victoriaconodon Volaticotheria? †Volaticotheria Argentoconodon Ichthyoconodon Triconolestes? Volaticotherium †Tinodontidae Gobiotheriodon? Tinodon Trishulotherium Yermakia Trechnotheria Monotremata? †Zhangheotheriidae Anebodon Kiyatherium Maotherium Ningchengodon Origolestes Zhangheotherium †Spalacotheriidae Akidolestes Aliaga Cifellitherium Heishanlestes Infernolestes Lactodens Shalbaatar Spalacolestes Spalacotheridium Spalacotherium Spalacotheroides Symmetrodontoides Symmetrolestes Yaverlestes Cladotheria see below↓
Cladotheria †Dryolestida Brancatherulum? Dorsetodon Drescheratherium Euthlastus Henkelotherium Paurodon Tathiodon Dryolestidae Achyrodon Amblotherium Anthracolestes Beckumia Crusafontia Dryolestes Groebertherium? Guimarotodus Hercynodon Krebsotherium Lakotalestes? Laolestes Minutolestes Phascolestes Portopinheirodon Treslagosodon †Meridiolestida Amarillodon Austrotriconodon Bondesius Casamiquelia Cronopio Groebertherium? Lakotalestes? Leonardus Necrolestes Paraungulatum Quirogatherium Solanutherium Mesungulatoidea Coloniatherium Mesungulatum Orretherium Peligrotherium Reigitherium †Donodontidae Amazighodon Anoualestes Donodon Stylodens Prototribosphenida †Abelodon †Amphibetulimus †Amphitherium †Arguimus †Brancatherulum? †Chunnelodon †Magnimus †Minimus †Mozomus †Nanolestes †Palaeoxonodon †Vincelestes Monotremata? †Peramuridae Afriquiamus? Kouriogenys Peramuroides Peramus Tendagurutherium? Tribosphenida / Boreosphenida †Aegialodon †Argaliatherium †Brasilestes †Carinalestes †Eomaia †Holoclemensia †Hypomylos †Juramaia †Kermackia †Kielantherium †Pappotherium †Picopsis †Tirotherium †Tribactonodon Theria †Patagomaia Eutheria see Eutheria includes placentals Metatheria see Metatheria includes marsupials
Other taxa Incertae sedis †Atlasodon †Chronoperates †Microderson †Thereuodon †Tingamarra Saint Bathans Mammal UA 8699 Other taxa Prototheria Yinotheria Eutriconodonta Amphilestidae Theriiformes Pantotheria Symmetrodonta Eupantotheria Paurodontidae Amphitheriidae Marsupionta

• Meridiolestidans
• Miocene mammals of South America
• Santacrucian
• Neogene Argentina
• Fossils of Argentina
• Fossil taxa described in 1891
• Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
• Prehistoric mammal genera
• Golfo San Jorge Basin
• Sarmiento Formation