List of active separatist movements in Africa

(Redirected from Niger Delta Republic)

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

They are active movements with active members.
They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Algeria

Kabylia

Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers
- Proposed state: Kabylia.
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (MAK).

Kabylia is a charter member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)

Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

Angola

Botswana

Ngamiland

Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
- Proposed state: Zambesia

Cameroon

Ambazonia

Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia
- Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing civil war

Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

Bakassi

People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi
- Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015

Central African Republic

Further information: Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present), Demographics of the Central African Republic, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)

Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti
- Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state

Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.

Comoros

Republic of the Congo

South Congo (Brazzaville)

Ethnic group: South Congolese
- Advocacy group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo
- Proposed state: State of South Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Egypt

Coptic nationalism

Ethnic group: Coptic people
Proposed autonomous area: Sahid

Eritrea

Southern Red Sea Region

Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
- Proposed autonomous area: Dankalia or unification with Ethiopia
- Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation, Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, Saho People's Democratic Movement

Equatorial Guinea

Bioko

Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island

Annobón

Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans
- Proposed state: Republic of Annobón
- Advocacy group: Free Annobón

Ethiopia

Ogaden ( Somali Region)

Main article: Greater Somalia

Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front

Oromia

Proposed state or autonomous area: Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
- Advocacy group: Qeerroo

Tigray

Main article: Tigray War

Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party

Sidama

Proposed: Self-determination and/or autonomy for the Sidama people
- Militant organization: Sidama National Liberation Front

Amhara

ethnic group: Amhara people
- proposed: self determination and/or autonomy for Amhara
- political party: National Movement of Amhara
- status: Ongoing

Afar Region

ethnic group: Afar people
- proposed: independence for the Afar Region
- political party: Afar Liberation Front (former militant organization)
- militant organization: Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front

France

Réunion

Political party: Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir.
Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
Proposed state: Republic of Zabon

Mayotte continues to have autonomist and separatist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.

Ghana

Map of the Togoland

Main article: Western Togoland Rebellion

Western Togoland

Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)

Kenya

Mombasa

Proposed state: Coast Province, Mombasa Republic
Political party: Mombasa Republican Council
Status: Active
Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

Rift Valley, Western Province, Nyanza

Proposed State or autonomous region: People's Republic of Kenya
- Political Party: Azimio la Umoja

Libya

Cyrenaica

Ethnic group: Arabs,
- Proposed autonomous region or state: Cyrenaica
- Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council

South Libya

Ethnic group: Toubou
- Proposed autonomy for: Toubouland
- Militant organisations: Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya

Malawi

Nyika

Proposed state: Northern Nyika Republic
Political party: The Peoples Party

Mali

Azawad

Main article: Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)

Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Azawad
- Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
- Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

Massina

Ethnic group: Fula
- Proposed state: Massina Empire
- Militant organizations: Katiba Macina

Mauritius

Rodrigues

Ethnic group: Rodriguan
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state: Rodrigues
- Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation

Morocco

Rif

Main articles: Rif War and Republic of the Rif

Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
- Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
- Political party: Riffian National Party
- Militant organisation(s): Riffian National Party

Started in Morocco during the 1920s, and was revitalized in 2013. The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.

Namibia

Caprivi Strip

Nigeria

Biafra

Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state: Republic of Biafra (defunct)
- Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile
- Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

Republic of Oduduwa

Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
- Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure

Niger Delta

Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism: Niger Delta Republic was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro, but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.
- Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers, Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
- Status: Ongoing war

Arewa

Ethnic group: Hausa people, Kanuri people
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area: Arewa Republic
- Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum

Rivers State

Ethnic group: Ogoni people
- Proposed autonomous region: Ogoniland
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

Kingdom of Benin

ethnic group: Edo people, Yoruba People, Igbo people
- proposed: re establishment of the Kingdom of Benin
- political party: United Kingdom of Great Benin

Portugal

Madeira

ethnic group: Madeiran
- proposed: greater autonomy for Madeira
- political party: Together for the People

Senegal

Casamance

Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state: Republic of Casamance
- Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance

Somalia

South Africa

Cape Republic

Proposed state or autonomous area: Cape Republic
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
- Political parties: Freedom Front Plus Referendum Party Cape Independence Party
- Advocacy groups: CapeXit Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG),
Proposed state or autonomous area: Sovereign State of Good Hope
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
- Advocacy Groups: Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council, First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA)
- Status: Unrecognized

Volkstaat

Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization). Outside parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
- Advocacy group: Orania Movement
- Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination

Zulu Kingdom

Autonomous area: Zulu Kingdom
- Political Party: Inkatha Freedom Party, Abantu Batho Congress
- Status: Autonomy for traditional African communities and their leaders

Venda

Ethnic group: Vhavenda
- Proposed state: Venda
- Political Party: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front

Spain

Further information: National and regional identity in Spain See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Spain

Secessionist movement

Canary Islands

Main article: Canarian nationalism

People: Canarians
- Proposed state: Republic of the Canary Islands
  - Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
  - Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Tanekra, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
  - Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
  - Youth movement: Azarug

Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

autonomist

Ceuta

proposed autonomous region: Ceuta
- political parties: Movement for Dignity and Citizenship and Ceuta Ya!

Sudan

Darfur

Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed autonomous area: Darfur or proposed unification with Chad
- Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Status: War in Darfur

Eastern Sudan

Ethnic group: Beja
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Beja state
- Political groups: Beja Congress

Tanzania

Main article: Zanzibar independence movement

Zanzibar

Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
- Proposed state: Zanzibar
- Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho

Uganda

See also: Acholiland insurgency and Acholi nationalism

Acholi

Proposed: autonomy within Uganda
- Ethnic group: Acholi Traditionalist catholicism Christian nationalism, Acholi Nationalism

United Kingdom

British Indian Ocean Territory

Ethnic group: Chagossian People
- Proposed state: Chagos Archipelago or Unification with Mauritius
- Political Parliamentary Group: Chagos Islands (BIOT) All Party Parliamentary Group

Zambia

Barotseland

Ethnic group: Barotse
- Proposed state: Barotseland
- Militant organization: Barotse National Council, Kola Foundation, Cuundu Caitwa, Umodzi Ku'Mawa Forum

Zimbabwe

Matabeleland

Ethnic group: Matabele
- Proposed state: Mthwakazi
- Militant organization: Mthwakazi Liberation Front (M.L.F.)
- Political party: Matabeleland Freedom Party
- Revolutionary Movement: Mthwakazi Republic Party (M.R.P)
- Matabele is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

Notes

Khoi-San is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States

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v t e Separatist movements by continent
Current	Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America
Historical separatist movements

v t e Secessions by country
Africa	Mali South Africa
Asia	China Hong Kong Macau Taiwan Tibet Xinjiang India Khalistan Sikkim Indonesia Iraq Pakistan Philippines Russia Siberia Turkey
Europe	Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Russia Spain United Kingdom
North America	Canada Alberta Quebec Denmark (Greenland) United States
Oceania	Australia Tasmania Western Australia
South America	Brazil
Historical	Bangladesh Czechoslovakia Indian subcontinent Ottoman Empire Prussia Republic of Venice Soviet Union Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Yugoslavia
Active separatist movements Historical separatist movements Independence referendum Irredentism Secession Separatism

v t e Irredentism
Africa	Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa
North America	Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States Canada Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic
South America	Argentina Chile Colombia
Western Asia	Armenia Artsakh Karabakh Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Zionism Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen
Southern Asia	Bangladesh India Akhand Bharat Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Pashtunistan Tamil Nadu
Eastern and Southeastern Asia	Cambodia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam
Central and Eastern Europe	Belarus Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Intermarium Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Slovenia Ukraine
Southern Europe	Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Galicia Yugoslavia
Italy	Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino
Northern Europe	Finland Karelia
Western Europe	Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland
Oceania	Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa
Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state

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