Nikonha, also known as Waskiteng and Mosquito, (b. ca. 1765- d. 1871, Tutelo) was known as the last full-blooded speaker of Tutelo, a Virginia Siouan language. He is reported to have been around 106 years old when he died at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, Ontario in 1871, where his people had migrated with the Cayuga during the American Revolutionary War.
In 1870, the year before his death, Nikonha was visited by the American-Canadian ethnologist Horatio Hale, who was seeking to learn about the languages of the mixed peoples at the Reserve. He described Nikonha as follows, when discussing his findings at an 1883 conference on languages:
His appearance, as we first saw him, basking in the sunshine on the slope before his cabin, confirmed the reports, which I had heard, both of his great age and of his marked intelligence. "A wrinkled, smiling countenance, a high forehead, half-shut eyes, white hair, a scanty, stubby beard, fingers bent with age like a bird's claws" is the description recorded in my note-book. Not only in physiognomy, but also in demeanor and character, he differed strikingly from the grave and composed Iroquois among whom he dwelt. The lively, mirthful disposition of his race survived in full force in its latest member. His replies to our inquiries were intermingled with many jocose remarks, and much good-humored laughter.
Nikonha told Hale that his father had been a Tutelo chief named Onusowa. His mother had died when he was a child, and he was raised by her brother, his maternal uncle, as his people had a matrilineal kinship system. Children were considered born to their mother's family and clan, and were reared largely by her people. Nikonha's people had gradually migrated north out of Virginia.
By the time Nikonha was approximately 14, in 1779, his Tutelo people were living in the Cayuga village of Coreorgonel, New York, near the current location of Ithaca. The Cayuga were one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League, or Haudenosaunee. All these nations were Iroquoian-speaking. The village was attacked in 1779 by forces led by Colonel Dearborn during the Americans' Sullivan Expedition of the Revolutionary War. The village was one of 40 Iroquois villages razed during this raiding, and the Expedition also destroyed most of the winter crops stored by the Cayuga. The Tutelo survivors fled north with the Cayuga and other Iroquois, settling on land granted to them by the Crown at Grand River in Ontario.
Nikonha served with the British and their allies against the United States in the War of 1812. They had some hopes of expelling the Americans from former Cayuga and other Iroquois territory. His wife was Cayuga. He had spoken only the Cayuga language at home for years, after learning it as a youth.
As Hale worked with him, Nikonha was able to provide about 100 words of the Tutelo language of his youth. Hale was collecting information on Tutelo from the few surviving individuals who had preserved any knowledge of it. Aside from Nikonha, the other speakers mixed their Tutelo more indiscriminately with Cayuga.
On the basis of the vocabulary and grammar that Hale collected and analyzed, he later confirmed the classification of Tutelo as a Siouan language. It is related to Dakota and Hidatsa, languages of tribes located mostly west of the Mississippi River. There were also historically other Siouan-speaking tribes in the interior of the American Southeast.
Notes
- Horatio Hale, "Tutelo Tribe and Language", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 21, no. 114 (1883), pp. 9-11.
External links
- Henry H. Mitchell, Pittsylvania Historical Society, 1997 - includes Hale's photograph of Nikonha.
- "Rediscovering Pittsylvania's "Missing" Native Americans - Virginia History". Native Americans of Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Retrieved 2012-08-10.