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A non-apology apology, sometimes called a backhanded apology, empty apology, nonpology, or fauxpology, is a statement in the form of an apology that does not express remorse for what was done or said, or assigns fault to those ostensibly receiving the apology. It is common in politics and public relations.

For instance, saying "I'm sorry you feel that way" to someone who has been offended by a statement is a non-apology apology. It does not admit there was anything wrong with the remarks made, and may imply the person took offense for hypersensitive or irrational reasons. Another form of non-apology does not apologize directly to the injured or insulted party, but generically "to anyone who might have been offended".

Statements of pseudo-apology that do not communicate responsibility for words or deeds may be meaningful expressions of regret, but such statements can also be used to elicit forgiveness without acknowledging fault.

Legal significance

United States

Non-apology apologizers may be trying to avoid litigation that might result from an admission of guilt or responsibility. Many states, including Massachusetts and California, have laws to prevent a plaintiff from using an apology as evidence of liability. For example, a medical doctor may apologize to a patient for a bad outcome without fearing the apology can be used against them at trial as evidence of negligence.

Canada

In November 2008, the Alberta legislature passed an amendment to the existing Alberta Evidence Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. A-18, geared at protecting apologizing parties from risks of legal liability and loss of insurance coverage. Section 26.1 of the Act provides that an apology does not constitute an express or implied admission of fault or liability. British Columbia passed similar legislation in 2006, being the Apology Act, S.B.C. 2006, c. 19.

Examples

"Mistakes were made"

The expression "mistakes were made" is commonly used as a rhetorical device, whereby a speaker acknowledges a situation was handled poorly or inappropriately but seeks to evade any direct admission or accusation of responsibility by using the passive voice. The acknowledgement of "mistakes" is framed in an abstract sense with no direct reference to who made the mistakes. An active voice construction would be along the lines of "I made mistakes" or "John Doe made mistakes." The speaker neither accepts personal responsibility nor accuses anyone else. The word "mistakes" also does not imply intent.

The New York Times has called the phrase a "classic Washington linguistic construct". Political consultant William Schneider suggested this usage be referred to as the "past exonerative" tense, and commentator William Safire has defined the phrase as " passive-evasive way of acknowledging error while distancing the speaker from responsibility for it". A commentator at NPR declared this expression to be "the king of non-apologies". While perhaps most famous in politics, the phrase has also been used in business, sports, and entertainment.

Ifpology

Attorney and business ethics expert Lauren Bloom, author of The Art of the Apology, mentions the "if apology" as a favorite of politicians, with lines such as "I apologize if I offended anyone". Comedian Harry Shearer has coined the term ifpology for its frequent appearances on "The Apologies of the Week" segment of Le Show.

One of the first references was in The New York Times by Richard Mooney in his 1992 editorial notebook "If This Sounds Slippery ... How to Apologize and Admit Nothing". This was mainly in regard to Senator Bob Packwood: "Only in the event that someone should choose to take offense, why then he's sorry". Mooney goes on to cite Bill Clinton, who said of Mario Cuomo: "If the remarks on the tape left anyone with the impression that I was disrespectful to either Governor Cuomo or Italian-Americans, then I deeply regret it." A famous example involved racially insensitive remarks made by golfer Fuzzy Zoeller about Tiger Woods: "It's too bad that something I said in jest was turned into something it's not. But I didn't mean anything by it and I'm sorry if I offend anybody. If Tiger is offended by it, I apologize to him, too. I have nothing but the utmost respect for Tiger as a person and an athlete."; Zoeller's comments and his half-hearted ifpology were news for days and resulted in his being dropped from a commercial tie-in with K-Mart. According to John Kador in Effective Apology, "Adding the word if or any other conditional modifier to an apology makes it a non-apology."

A 2014 ifpology was made by CNN's Don Lemon, who said, "If my question to struck anyone as offensive, I am sorry, as that certainly was not my intention." This was about a question during his interview with Joan Tarshis where he suggested biting a penis as a way to avoid being orally sexually assaulted.

On September 16, 2015, Matt Damon made what Salon termed a "non-apology" apology when he said, "I am sorry that offended some people, but, at the very least, I am happy that they started a conversation about diversity in Hollywood." This was in reference to the backlash against Damon after he made comments about diversity to African American film producer Effie Brown on the September 13, 2015 debut of the HBO show Project Greenlight that were criticized as condescending.

Other versions

On July 24, 1991, The New York Times reported Australian foreign minister Gareth Evans had offered the prime minister of Malaysia "what might best be described as a non-apology apology" for what the Malaysian government regarded as an insulting portrayal of Malaysia in an Australian television series, Embassy. Speaking to journalists, Evans said he had "wanted to acknowledge fault where such acknowledgment is appropriate".

Speaking on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives in July 2020, Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez dismissed what she called a non-apology apology from Rep. Ted Yoho for describing her as a "fucking bitch". After the story went public, Yoho had apologized for the "abrupt manner of the conversation" he had with her but denied having used those words.

Sarcastic examples

Humorist Bruce McCall, in a 2001 New York Times piece entitled "The Perfect Non-apology Apology", defined the term as referring to "sufficiently artful double talk" designed to enable one to "get what you want by seeming to express regret while actually accepting no blame," and suggested some tongue-in-cheek apologies, such as:

Nobody is sorrier than me that the police officer had to spend his valuable time writing out a parking ticket on my car. Though from my personal standpoint I know for a certainty that the meter had not yet expired, please accept my expression of deep regret at this unfortunate incident.

As a tactic

Typologies of apology note they cover a range of situations and degrees of regret, remorse, and contrition, and that success is to be gauged by the result of the apology rather than the degree of contrition involved. Deborah Levi offers the following possibilities:

• Tactical apology—when a person accused of wrongdoing offers an apology that is rhetorical and strategic—and not necessarily heartfelt
• Explanation apology—when a person accused of wrongdoing offers an apology that is merely a gesture that is meant to counter an accusation of wrongdoing. In fact, it may be used to defend the actions of the accused
• Formalistic apology—when a person accused of wrongdoing offers an apology after being admonished to do so by an authority figure—who may also be the individual who suffered the wrongdoing
• Happy ending apology—when a person accused of wrongdoing fully acknowledges responsibility for the wrongdoing and is genuinely remorseful

While the non-apology apology is clearly unsuited to situations where an expression of remorse, contrition, and future change are obviously desirable (e.g. the "happy ending" apology), it may prove extremely useful in situations where little can be done to assuage the apparent offence or prevent its repetition, as when an airline apologises for a delay, in the full knowledge that a future repetition is inevitable. Such tactical apologies may have beneficial effects simply through the validation of the emotions of the offended party: they answer the basic human need for disagreeable emotions to be recognised and acknowledged as important, while protecting the apparently offending party from an expression of remorse. Negotiators often use this tactic to calm tense situations: "an apology can defuse emotions effectively, even when you do not acknowledge personal responsibility for the action or admit an intention to harm. An apology may be one of the least costly and most rewarding investments you can make."

See also

• Equivocation
• Evasion (ethics)
• Logical fallacies
• Non-denial denial
• Spin (propaganda)
• Weasel words
• Mistakes were made

References

1. Mark Leigh (2016). How to Talk Teen: From Asshat to Zup, the Totes Awesome Dictionary of Teenage Slang. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-1-4721-3745-6.
2. Susan Milligan (May 17, 2016). "Non-Pology: Sanders Condemns Violence, but Not His Supporters". U.S. News & World Report.
3. ^ Eisinger, Robert M. (1 March 2011). "The Political Non-Apology". Society. 48 (2): 136–141. doi:10.1007/s12115-010-9409-0. ISSN 1936-4725. S2CID 145189514.
4. Doucette, Elisa (November 30, 2014). "The Art Of Online Apologies And Why Elizabeth Lauten Failed Miserably At Hers". Forbes. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
5. Lazare, Aaron (2004). On Apology. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-518911-7.
6. Apology Statutes: A 22 State Survey
7. Frieswick, Kris (1 May 2001). "Say You're Sorry". CFO. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
8. Bartolomei, Matt; Black, Robin. "Apologies in the World of Litigation". Hill, Adams, Hall & Scheiffelin, P.A. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
9. Curial, Brian; Chau, Maria; Thomson, Miller (3 June 2010). "I'm Sorry (Please Don't Sue Me)" (PDF). Miller Thomson. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
10. His Majesty the King in right of the Province of British Columbia (May 18, 2006). "Apology Act". BCLaws. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
11. Broder, John M. (13 March 2007). "Familiar Fallback for Officials: 'Mistakes Were Made'". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
12. Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 431. ISBN 9780195343342.
13. Memmot, Mark (May 14, 2013). "It's True: 'Mistakes Were Made' Is The King Of Non-Apologies". NPR. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
14. "2015 Will Be a Year of Apologies. Maybe Yours". Yahoo Tech. January 1, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
15. "Zoeller Apologizes for Woods Comments". The New York Times. April 22, 1997. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
16. Battistella, Edwin L. (2014). Sorry about That: The Language of Public Apology. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-19-930091-4.
17. Kador, John (2009). Effective Apology: Mending Fences, Building Bridges, and Restoring Trust. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-57675-901-1. if I offended apology.
18. Thompson, Catherine (November 19, 2014). "CNN Host To Accuser: Why Didn't You Bite Cosby's Penis To End Rape?". Talking Points Memo. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
19. Lee, Paula Young (September 17, 2015). "Matt Damon is sorry if you're offended: How the righteous non-apology of Socrates became the tool of weasely PR". Salon. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
20. Rosen, Christopher (September 16, 2015). "Matt Damon apologizes for Project Greenlight diversity comments". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
21. Shenon, Philip (24 July 1991). "Cliffhanger Down Under: A Soap Opera Huff". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
22. Wagner, John; Kane, Paul (July 23, 2020). "Ocasio-Cortez dismisses Rep. Yoho's apology, says his remarks are excuses for confrontation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
23. McCall, Bruce (22 April 2002). "The Perfect Non-Apology Apology". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
24. Grigsby, R. Kevin (June 2007). "The Fine Art of Apology: When, Why, and How to Say 'I'm Sorry'" (PDF). International Journal of Healthcare & Humanities: 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
25. Winch, Guy (18 June 2011). "The Antidote to Anger and Frustration". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
26. Fisher, Roger; Ury, William L. (1991). Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. New York: Penguin Book. ISBN 9780140157352. OCLC 24318769.

Further reading

• Harriet Lerner (2018). Why Won't You Apologize? Healing Big Betrayals and Everyday Hurts. ISBN 978-0715652640.

• Public relations techniques
• Obfuscation
• Political catchphrases
• Etiquette
• Cognitive dissonance