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Northrop Gamma
Northrop 2B Gamma Polar Star
General information
Type	Civil/Attack
Manufacturer	Northrop Corporation
Designer	Jack Northrop
Number built	60
History
Introduction date	1932
Developed from	Northrop Alpha
Variants	Northrop YA-13 Northrop A-17 Northrop Delta

The Northrop Gamma is a single-engine all-metal monoplane cargo aircraft used in the 1930s. Towards the end of its service life, it was developed into the A-17 light bomber.

Design and development

The Gamma was a further development of the successful Northrop Alpha and shared its predecessor's aerodynamic innovations with wing fillets and multicellular stressed-skin wing construction. Like late Alphas, the fixed landing gear was covered in distinctive aerodynamic spats, and the aircraft introduced a fully enclosed cockpit.

Operational history

The *Polar Star* on display at the National Air and Space Museum

The Gamma saw fairly limited civilian service as mail planes with Trans World Airlines but had an illustrious career as a flying laboratory and record-breaking aircraft. The US military found the design sufficiently interesting to encourage Northrop to develop it into what eventually became the Northrop A-17 light attack aircraft. Military versions of the Gamma saw combat with Chinese and Spanish Republican air forces. Twenty Five Gamma 2Es were assembled in China from components provided by Northrop; these were deployed in various attack missions during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, particular against Imperial Japanese naval assets. In the morning of 11 November 1937, three Chinese Air Force Northrop 2ECs of the 2nd BG, 14th Squadron led by Capt. Yu attacked the IJN fleet aircraft carrier Kaga off the Ma'anshan Islands; the bombs fell wide into Kaga's wake, and the Chinese Gammas were pursued and intercepted by three A5Ms of Kaga's combat air patrol led by flight leader Jirō Chōno, shooting down two (Gammas no. 1405 of Sung I-Ching and Li Xi-Yong, and no. 1402 of Peng Te-Ming and Li Huan-Chieh) while Yu managed to escape into the clouds and return his damaged Gamma to base.

On June 2, 1933 Frank Hawks flew his Gamma 2A "Sky Chief" from Los Angeles to New York in a record 13 hours, 26 minutes, and 15 seconds. In 1935, Howard Hughes improved on this time in a modified Gamma 2G leased from Jacqueline Cochran, making the west-east transcontinental run in 9 hours, 26 minutes, and 10 seconds.

The most famous Gamma was the Polar Star. The aircraft was carried via ship and offloaded onto the pack ice in the Ross Sea during Lincoln Ellsworth's 1934 expedition to Antarctica. The Gamma was almost lost when the ice underneath it broke, and had to be returned to the United States for repairs. Polar Star's second assignment to Antarctica in September 1934 was also futile — a connecting rod broke and the aircraft had to be returned yet again for repairs. On January 3, 1935, Ellsworth and pilot Bernt Balchen finally flew over Antarctica.

On November 23, 1935, Ellsworth and Canadian pilot Herbert Hollick-Kenyon attempted the world's first trans-Antarctic flight from Dundee Island in the Weddell Sea to Little America. The crew made four stops during their journey, in the process becoming the first people ever to visit Western Antarctica. During one stop, a blizzard completely packed the fuselage with snow which took a day to clear out. On December 5, after traveling over 2,400 miles (3,865 km) the aircraft ran out of fuel just 25 miles (40 km) short of the goal. The intrepid crew took six days to travel the remainder of the journey and stayed in the abandoned Richard E. Byrd camp until being found by the Discovery II research vessel on January 15, 1936. Polar Star was later recovered and donated to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

Variants

Gamma 2A: First production aircraft, sold to Texaco and flown by Frank Hawks as "Sky Chief", 785 hp (585 kW) Wright radial engine.
Gamma 2B: Two-seat version with tandem controls, flown across Antarctica as the Polar Star, 500 hp (373 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial engine.
Gamma 2C (YA-13): Northrop-proposed attack version to compete with Curtiss A-12 Shrike armed with 4x 0.30 cal machine guns in the wings, 1x 0.30 cal machine gun on a flexible mount for rear defence, and up to 1,100 lb (500 kg) of bombs under the wings, evaluated by USAAC in 1933
XA-16: YA-13 prototype redesignated after being fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R-1830-9 engine
Gamma 2D: Cargo version used by TWA, three built, 710 hp (529 kW) Wright Cyclone engine. One aircraft was converted into an "Experimental Overweather Laboratory" studying icing, superchargers, radios, and turbulence at 20,000–35,000 ft (6,100–10,670 m), then used by USAAC under the designation UC-100. Another retired TWA aircraft was used by Spanish Republican air force for coastal patrol.
Gamma 2E: Similar to Gamma 2C in armament except for a 1,600 lb (727 kg) bomb load, used by the Republic of China Air Force as a light bomber until 1938 with a number of aircraft built under license in China, one, as K5053, used by the British Aeroplane & Armament Experimental Establishment, and two supplied to the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service, as the Northrop BXN, for evaluation in 1933.

Gamma 2F: Another attack version developed in parallel with Gamma 2C, entered service as Northrop A-17 .
Gamma 2G: Two-seat race version, originally with a Curtiss Conqueror engine, later changed to Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp Jr., then to Wright Cyclone SGR-1820-G-5. Flown by Jacqueline Cochran and Howard Hughes.
Gamma 2H: Testbed for Sperry automatic pilot, also flown by Russell Thaw to a third-place finish in the 1935 Bendix Trophy race.
Gamma 2J: Two-seat trainer powered by 600 hp (448 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp with retractable undercarriage intended for USAAC. North American BC-1 preferred. Only one built.
Gamma 2L: Used by Bristol for Bristol Hercules engine testing.
Gamma 5A: One aircraft exported to Imperial Japanese Navy (designation BXN1) as a study in modern engineering.
Gamma 5B: Two-seat version with the cockpits moved forward, used by the Spanish Republican air force for coastal patrol.
Gamma 5D: One aircraft exported to Japan with "Army-type" equipment (designation BXN2), studied by Nakajima, then passed to Manchukuo National Airways which used it for aerial reconnaissance over China and USSR.

Operators

Military operators

Republic of China

Chinese Nationalist Air Force

Empire of Japan

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

Spain

Spanish Republican Air Force – Northrop 2D and 5B Gamma

United States

United States Army Air Corps

Civil operators

Manchukuo

Manchukuo National Airways

United States

Trans World Airlines

Specifications (Gamma 2D)

Data from McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920

General characteristics

Crew: One
Length: 31 ft 2 in (9.50 m)
Wingspan: 47 ft 9+1⁄2 in (14.567 m)
Height: 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m)
Wing area: 363 sq ft (33.7 m)
Empty weight: 4,119 lb (1,868 kg)
Gross weight: 7,350 lb (3,334 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9-cylinder Radial, 710 hp (530 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladed

Performance

Maximum speed: 223 mph (359 km/h, 194 kn) at 6,300 ft (1,900 m)
Cruise speed: 204 mph (328 km/h, 177 kn)
Range: 1,970 mi (3,170 km, 1,710 nmi)
Service ceiling: 23,400 ft (7,100 m)
Rate of climb: 1,390 ft/min (7.1 m/s)

Gallery

Left side of Gamma with landing gears
Right front of Gamma
Cockpit of Gamma
Front end
Wooden landing ski
Propeller
Front left of Gamma

References

Notes

^ Smith 1986
^ Eden and Moeng 2002, pp. 74–77.
"Martyr Chen Xi-chun". air.mnd.gov.tw. Retrieved 2020-11-20. On 19 August 1937, the 11th Bomber Squadron Cmdr. Gong Yin-cheng and 9th BS Cmdr. Xie Yu-ching from the 2nd BG, each led 14 Northrop Gamma 2Es (7 each) to depart from Guangde at 0900 hours and 0940 hours respectively en route to Yushan at the mouth of the Yantze River to bomb hostile carriers and vessels at Bai'long Harbor...
Gustavsson, Hakans. "Japanese biplane fighter aces - Hatsu-o Hidaka". Biplane Fighter Aces - Japan. Retrieved 2020-11-20. On 11 November 1937, three Northrop 2ECs (Gammas) of the 2nd BG led by Yu C. Y. attacked the carrier Kaga off the Ma'anshan Islands, missing the carrier, they were intercepted by three A5Ms from Kaga. Two of them were shot down; one was claimed by PO3c Hidaka while the second was claimed by the shotai leader Jiro Chono (his first combat and first victory).
"The story of the Polar Star." National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: June 27, 2013.
"Fourteen Cylinder Motor In Hawke's New Plane", February 1933, Popular Science
Shupek, John, ed. (2012). "Northrop Gamma 2H". www.skytamer.com. Whittier, California.
Francillon 1979, p.153.
Francillon 1979, pp. 148, 154.

Bibliography

Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002. ISBN 0-7607-3432-1.
Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London:Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1.
Smith, M.J. Jr. Passenger Airliners of the United States, 1926–1991. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1986. ISBN 0-933126-72-7.

External links

Northrop aircraft and aircraft engines

Manufacturer
designations

'Greek' series	Alpha Beta Gamma Delta
'N' series	Note: Northrop company designations include a wide variety of technologies. Only aircraft, aero engines, and missiles are linked here. N-1/M N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9/M N-10 N-12 N-14 N-15 N-16 N-18 N-19 N-20 N-21 N-23 N-24 N-25A/B N-26 N-29 N-31 N-32 N-34 N-35 N-36 N-37 N-38 N-39 N-40 N-41 N-45 N-46 N-47 N-48 N-49 N-50 N-51 N-52 N-54 N-55 N-59 N-60 N-63 N-65 N-67 N-68 N-69 N-71 N-72 N-73 N-74 N-81 N-82 N-84 N-86 N-87 N-94 N-96 N-102 N-103 N-105 N-110 N-111 N-112 N-117 N-124 N-132 N-133 N-134 N-135 N-138 N-141 N-144 N-149 N-150 N-151 N-155 N-156 N-165 N-204 N-205 N-250 N-251 N-267 N-285 N-300 N-301 N-302 N-303 N-304 N-305 N-306 N-307 N-311 N-320 N-321 N-322 N-330 N-353 N-370 N-381
'P' series	P530 P600 P610 P630

By role

Attack	YA-13 XA-16 A-17/Nomad N-3PB YA-9
Bombers	YB-35 YB-49 B-62 BT B2T B-2
Drones	Q-4
Fighters	3A XP-56 P-61 XP-79 F-89 XFT F2T F-5/CF-5/CF-116 YF-17 F-18L F-20 YF-23
Reconnaissance	F-15 RF-61 RF-5 N-165 N-204
Trainers	T-38
Transports	Alpha Beta Gamma Delta C-19 C-100 YC-125 RT
Experimental	N-1M N-9M JB-1 MX-324 MX-334 M2-F2 M2-F3 HL-10 Tacit Blue X-4 X-21

Aircraft
engines

XT37

Names

See also: TR-3

v t e United States military transport aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systems
Army/Air Force sequence (1925–1962)	C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-13 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 C-40 C-41 C-41A C-42 C-43 C-44 C-45 C-46 C-47 C-47F C-47T AC-47 C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 C-54 C-55 C-56 C-57 C-58 C-59 C-60 C-61 C-62 C-63 C-64 C-65 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 C-70 C-70B C-71 C-72 C-73 C-74 C-75 C-76 C-77 C-77B–D C-78 C-79 C-80 C-81 C-82 C-83 C-83A C-83B C-84 C-85 C-86 C-87 C-88 C-89 C-90 C-91 C-92 C-93 C-94 C-95 C-96 C-97 KC-97 C-98 C-99 C-100 C-101 C-102 C-103 C-104 C-105 C-106 C-107 C-108 C-109 C-110 C-111 C-112 C-113 C-114 C-115 C-116 C-117 C-117D C-118 C-119 AC-119 C-120 C-121 C-121F EC-121 C-122 C-123 C-123A C-124 C-125 C-126 C-127 C-127 (I) C-127 (II) C-128 C-129 C-130 C-130J AC-130 DC-130 EC-130/H HC-130 KC-130 LC-130 MC-130 WC-130 C-131 NC-131H C-132 C-133 C-134 C-135 KC-135 C-136 C-137 YC-137 (I) YC-137 (II) C-137 C-138 C-139 C-140 C-141 C-142
Tri-service sequence (1962–present)	C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-7 RC-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-10 KC-10 C-11 C-12 RC-12 C-13 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-20A–D C-20F–J C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-27J C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-37B C-38 C-39 C-40 C-41 C-42 C-43 C-44 C-45 C-46
Revived original sequence (2005–present)	C-143 C-144 C-145 C-146 C-147
Non-sequential designations	C-767 C-880
Related designations	CT-39 CT-43 CV-2 CV-7
Not assigned • Assigned to multiple types • Unconfirmed

v t e Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft designations (short system)
Fighters (A)	A1N A2N A3N A4N A5M A6M A7He A7M A8V AXB AXD AXG AXH AXHe AXV
Torpedo bombers (B)	B1M B2M B3N B3Y B4M B4N B4Y B5M B5N B6N B7A BXN C6N1-B
Shipboard reconnaissance (C)	C1M C2N C3N C4A C5M C6N CXP D4Y1-C E4N2-C
Dive bombers (D)	D1A D2A D2N D2Y D3A D3M D3N D3Y D4Y D5Y DXD DXHe
Reconnaissance seaplanes (E)	E1Y E2N E3A E4N E5K E5Y E6Y E7K E8A E8K E8N E9W E10A E10K E11A E11K E12A E12K E12N E13A E13K E14W E14Y E15K E16A
Observation seaplanes (F)	F1A F1M J1N1-F
Land-based bombers (G)	G1M (I) G1M (II) G2H G3M G4M G5N G6M G7M G8N G9K G10N
Flying Boats (H)	H1H H2H H3H H3K H4H H5Y H6K H7K H8K H9A H10H H11K HXC HXD HXP
Land-based Fighters (J)	J1N J2M J3K J4M J5M J6K J7W J8M J9N N1K1-J/N1K2-J
Trainers (K)	K1Y K2Y K3M K4Y K5Y K6K K6M K6W K7M K8K K8Ni N8P K8W K9W K10W K11W KXA KXBu KXC KXJ KXHe KXL A5M4-K A6M2-K B5N1-K D3Y1-K E13A1-K F1M2-K G6M1-K M6A1-K Q1W1-K
Transports (L)	L1N L2D L3Y L4M L7P LXC LXD LXF LXG (KR-2) LXG (G-21) LXHe LXJ (Ju 60) LXJ (Ju 86) LXK LXM G5N2-L G6M1-L H6K2-L/H6K4-L H8K1-L/H8K2-L/H8K4-L H11K1-L K3M3-L
Special-purpose (M)	M6A MXJ1 MXY1 MXY2 MXY2 MXY4 MXY5 MXY6 MXY7 MXY8 MXY9 MXY10 MXY11 MXZ1
Floatplane fighters (N)	N1K A6M2-N
Land-based bombers (P)	P1Y P2M
Patrol (Q)	Q1W Q2M Q3W
Land-based reconnaissance (R)	R1Y R2Y D4Y2-R J1N1-R
Night fighters (S)	S1A C6N1-S D4Y2-S E13A1a-S/E13A1b-S J1N1-S P1Y1-S/P1Y2-S
X as second letter is for experimental aircraft or imported technology demonstrators not intended for service, Hyphenated trailing letter (-J, -K, -L, -N or -S) denotes design modified for secondary role, Possibly incorrect designation, but used in many sources

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