Only-Begotten Son (Ancient Greek: Ὁ Μονογενὴς Υἱὸς, Russian: Единородный Сыне, Ukrainian: Єдинородний Сине, Old Armenian: Միածին Վորդի), sometimes called "Justinian's Hymn", the "Anthem of Orthodoxy" and/or the "Hymn of the Incarnation", is an ancient Christian hymn that was composed prior to the middle of the 6th century. It is chanted at the end of the Second Antiphon during the Divine Liturgies of St John Chrysostom, St Basil the Great and of St Gregory the Illuminator (Armenian Divine Liturgy), and at the Little Entrance during the Liturgy of Saint James.
Attribution to St. Athanasius
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This hymn is sometimes ascribed to Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria; it was written after the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea as an affirmation of the Christological Formula championed by Athanasius. According to this hypothesis, the hymn was first used in the Church of Alexandria but was distributed by Athanasius to all the churches of the world. It is still currently used as a mournful hymn during the service of Great Friday in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, with its length exceeding 10 minutes due to its long and deep melismatic nature. It is also chanted in the introductory portion of the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which observe the Byzantine Rite. The hymn is a theological statement of faith in the dogma of the Incarnation.
Alternative Attributions
There are traditions attributing the hymn to Emperor Justinian and Severus of Antioch, hence its common Greek designation as "Justinian's Hymn". It is popularly believed that Justinian is the person responsible for the hymn's spread and popularity. During the controversy caused by the Origenists, Emperor Justinian declared that this hymn should be sung in all Christian Churches.
The Oriental Orthodox tradition however, ascribes the hymn to Severus of Antioch, and it is referred to in Syriac Orthodox liturgical books as the “Hymn of St. Severus.” In the Syriac Orthodox liturgy, the hymn is sung at the start of the Divine Liturgy, whereas in the Armenian Orthodox liturgy, it is sung during the second antiphon, and in the Coptic Orthodox liturgy, during Holy Week.
Analysis of an ancient Georgian Chantbook from Jerusalem has identified the text among the corpus of hymnography, supporting a timeframe of composition prior to the middle of the 6th century when the Chantbook was compiled.
Text
Only-Begotten Son and Immortal Word of God,
Who for our salvation didst will to be incarnate of the holy Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary;
Who without change didst become man and was crucified;
Who art one of the Holy Trinity, glorified with the Father and the Holy Spirit:
O Christ our God, trampling down death by death, save us!
Theology
The key word, Monogenēs, is drawn from the Gospel of John 1:14, 1:18, and 3:16. The first of these verses describes the pre-incarnate Logos as being "only-begotten of the Father"; the second speaks of Jesus' earthly ministry; and the third describes the offering of the Incarnate Christ for the salvation of those who believe. The term Monogenes is also found in the Nicene Creed as established by the First Ecumenical Council in 325 AD.
References
- Totleben, Peter. "The Formulation of the Liturgical Hymn Ὁ μονογενὴς".
- "Anaphoras: Public Celebration".
- The Rites of Eastern Christendom, Gorgias Press, 2007)
- Frøyshov, Stig Simeon. "[Hymnography of the] Rite of Jerusalem". Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology.
- Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2018). The first Christian hymnal : the songs of the ancient Jerusalem church. Provo, Utah. pp. xiv–xv. ISBN 978-1-944394-68-4. OCLC 1047578356.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - The Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great, Service Books of the Orthodox Church, vol. II, South Canaan PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 1984, p. 38 Variant text as sung in some Eastern Churches in the United States.