Oceanic whitetip shark - Misplaced Pages

(Redirected from Oceanic Whitetip Shark) Species of requiem shark Not to be confused with whitetip reef shark.

Oceanic whitetip shark

Female individual surrounded by pilot fish in the Red Sea
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Carcharhiniformes
Family:	Carcharhinidae
Genus:	Carcharhinus
Species:	C. longimanus
Binomial name
*Carcharhinus longimanus* (Poey, 1861)

Range of the oceanic whitetip shark
Synonyms
Carcharias obtusus (Garman, 1881) Squalus longimanus Poey, 1861 Carcharias longimanus (Poey, 1861) Pterolamiops longimanus (Poey, 1861) Carcharinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) Squalus maou (Lesson, 1831) Carcharhinus maou (Lesson, 1831) Carcharias insularum (Snyder, 1904) Pterolamiops magnipinnis (Smith, 1958) Pterolamiops budkeri (Fourmanoir, 1961)

The oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) is a large pelagic requiem shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas. It has a stocky body with long, white-tipped, rounded fins. The species is typically solitary, though they may gather in large numbers at food concentrations. Bony fish and cephalopods are the main components of its diet and females give live birth.

Though slow-moving, the shark is opportunistic and aggressive, and is reputed to be dangerous to shipwreck survivors. The IUCN Red List considers the species to be critically endangered. Recent studies show steeply declining populations as they are harvested for their fins and meat. As with other shark species, the whitetip faces mounting fishing pressure throughout its range.

Taxonomy

The oceanic whitetip shark, or lesser white shark, was described in 1831 by naturalist René-Primevère Lesson, who named the shark Carcharhinus maou. It was next described by Cuban Felipe Poey in 1861 as Squalus longimanus. The name Pterolamiops longimanus has also been used. The species epithet longimanus refers to the size of its pectoral fins (longimanus means "long hands" in Latin). The oceanic whitetip shark is called many things in English: Brown Milbert's sand bar shark, brown shark, shipwreck shark, nigano shark, oceanic white-tipped whaler, and whitetip shark.

The rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature are that in general the first-published description has priority; therefore, the valid scientific name for the oceanic whitetip shark should be Carcharhinus maou. However, Lesson's name remained forgotten for so long that Carcharhinus longimanus remains widely accepted.

Distribution and habitat

This shark is found worldwide between 45°N and 43°S latitude. It lives in deep, open oceans, with a temperature greater than 18 °C (64 °F), It prefers water temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F), and up to 28 °C (82 °F) but can also be found in waters as cool as 15 °C (59 °F) but avoids temperatures lower than this. It was once extremely common and widely distributed, and still inhabits a wide band around the globe; however, recent studies suggest that its numbers have drastically declined.

The shark spends most of its time in the upper layer of the ocean—to a depth of 150 m (490 ft)—and prefers off-shore, deep-ocean areas. According to longline capture data, increasing distance from land correlates to a greater population of sharks. It is sometimes found close to land, in waters as shallow as only 37 m (120 ft) deep, mainly around oceanic islands and narrow continental shelves.

Description

C. longimanus' most distinguishing characteristics are its long, wing-like pectoral and dorsal fins. The fins are significantly larger than most other shark species, and are conspicuously rounded. The shark's snout is rounded and its eyes are circular, with nictitating membranes.

The oceanic whitetip shark is a robust, large-bodied shark. The largest specimen ever caught measured at more than 4 m (13 ft) in length, though they usually grow up to 3 m (10 ft) in length and 150 kg (330 lb) in weight. However, the all-tackle record listed by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) is 167 kg (368 lb) for a 2.2-metre (7.2 ft) long individual, suggesting that weight is likely much more in larger individuals. The female is typically larger than the male by 10 cm (3.9 in). In the Gulf of Mexico in the 1950s, the mean weight of oceanic whitetip sharks was 86.4 kg (190 lb). In the 1990s, the sharks of the species from the same area averaged only 56.1 kg (124 lb).

The species is grey-bronze dorsally and white ventrally. As its name suggests, most of its fins (dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and caudal) have white tips. Along with white tips, the fins may be mottled, and young specimens can have black marks. A saddle-like patch may be apparent between first and second dorsal fins. The shark has two kinds of teeth. Those in the mandible (lower jaw) are thinner with a serrated tip. Between 13 and 15 teeth are on either side of the jaw. The teeth in the upper jaw are triangular, but much larger and wider with entirely serrated edges—14 or 15 occur along each side. The denticles are nearly flat and wide, typically have between five and seven ridges. There is little overlap between them, revealing some skin.

Behaviour

The oceanic whitetip is typically solitary, though gatherings have been observed where food is plentiful. It swims during the day and night. The oceanic whitetip is usually solitary and slow-moving, and tends to cruise near the top of the water column, in open water. During summer, when the water surface is warmer, oceanic whitetips tend to swim more quickly and at deeper depths. They have been observed to breach out of the water.

The species feeds mainly on pelagic cephalopods, like squid, and bony fish, such as lancetfish, oarfish, barracuda, jacks, mahi-mahi, marlin, tuna, and mackerel. However, its diet can be far more varied and less selective—it is known to eat threadfins, stingrays, sea turtles, seabirds, gastropods, crustaceans, and marine mammal carcasses. Its feeding methods include swimming through schools of frenzied tuna with an open mouth, waiting for the fish to swim in before biting down; when whaling formerly took place in warm waters, oceanic whitetips were the most common scavengers of floating carcasses. Whitetips commonly compete for food with silky sharks, explaining its comparatively leisurely swimming style combined with aggressive displays. They are known to trail pilot whales since they both feed on squid.

Pilot fish, dolphinfish, and remora may follow these sharks. Evidence in the form of sucker scars on the skin of an individual filmed off Hawaii indicate that the species may also dive deep enough to battle with giant squid. Until the 16th century, sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs" and the oceanic whitetip, the most common ship-following shark. Groups often form when individuals converge on a food source. They are recorded to segregate by both sex and size. They commonly get into feeding frenzies. Oceanic whitetips gather in large numbers off Cat Island, Bahamas from winter to spring, due to the abundance of large bony fish.

Life cycle

Mating and birthing seems to occur in early summer in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and southwest Indian Ocean, although females captured in the Pacific have been found with embryos year round, suggesting a longer mating season there. The shark is viviparous—embryos develop in utero and are fed by a placental sac. Its gestation period lasts nine months to one year. In the northwest Atlantic, shark pups are born 65–75 cm (26–30 in) long while off South Africa, birth length is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) long. In the Pacific Ocean, newborns average 45–55 cm (18–22 in) long, and number two to fourteen per litter.

In one population off Brazil, sharks were recorded to grow an average of 25.2 cm (9.9 in) in one year, reducing to 13.6 cm (5.4 in) per year up to four years and then 9.7 cm (3.8 in) in their fifth year. Both sexes reached maturity at 180–190 cm (71–75 in) between the ages of six and seven and continued to grow at 9.10 cm (3.58 in) per year. The average length of maturity for sharks averages in the greater equatorial and southwestern Atlantic is 170 cm (67 in) for females and 170–190 cm (67–75 in) for males. In the Pacific, sharks appear to mature at four to five years. One oceanic whitetip shark was estimated to have lived 22 years.

Interactions with humans

Oceanic whitetip shark swimming near a diver in the Red Sea

Oceanographic researcher Jacques Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip as "the most dangerous of all sharks". Author and big-game fisherman Ernest Hemingway depicted them as aggressive opportunists that attacked the catch of fishermen in The Old Man and the Sea. After the USS Indianapolis was torpedoed on 30 July 1945, some sailors who survived the sinking reportedly died from exposure to the elements and some may have died from shark bites. According to survivor accounts published in several books about sharks and shark attacks, potentially hundreds of the Indianapolis crew were eventually killed by sharks before a plane spotted them on the fifth day after the sinking. Oceanic whitetips are believed to have been responsible for most if not all of those attacks. Also during World War II, the RMS Nova Scotia, a steamship carrying about 1,000 people near South Africa, was sunk by a German submarine. One hundred and ninety-two people survived; many deaths were attributed to the whitetip. Subsequently, the species is recorded to have attacked 21 people between 1955 and 2020, including nine divers, eight swimmers, two fishermen, one shipwrecked person and one fallen pilot. Five of these attacks were fatal.

In Egypt in 2010, one oceanic whitetip was implicated in several bites on tourists in the Red Sea near Sharm El Sheikh, resulting in one death and four injuries to humans. Accumulating evidence revealed this shark to have been conditioned to being hand fed. In October 2019, an oceanic whitetip shark brutally attacked a female snorkeler off Mo'orea, French Polynesia, but the person survived. Based on eyewitness reports and examinations of the bites, the shark appears to have been acting like a predator attacking prey.

The oceanic whitetip has been kept in captivity. Among five recorded captive oceanic whitetips, the three with time records all lived for more than a year in captivity. One of these, a female in Monterey Bay Aquarium's Outer-Bay exhibit, lived for more than three years before dying in 2003, during which it grew 0.3 m (1 ft). The two remaining lack a time record, but grew about 0.5 m (1.6 ft) during their time in captivity.

Conservation status

As of 2019, the IUCN Red List list the oceanic whitetip shark as critically endangered, as their numbers appear to have decreased in every ocean region they inhabit. While their total global population is unknown, they are estimated to have declined by around 98 percent "with the highest probability of >80% reduction over three generation lengths (61.2 years)".

In 1969, Lineaweaver and Backus wrote of the oceanic whitetip: " extraordinarily abundant, perhaps the most abundant large animal, large being over 100 pounds , on the face of the earth". A study focusing on the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, using a mix of data from US pelagic longline surveys from the mid-1950s and observations from the late 1990s, estimated a decline in numbers in this location of 99.3% over this period. However, changes in fishing practices and data collection methods complicate estimates. According to a January 2021 study in Nature which studied 31 species of sharks and rays, the number of these species found in open oceans had dropped by 71 per cent in around 50 years. The oceanic whitetip was included in the study.

Oceanic whitetip sharks are mainly threatened by fisheries, sometimes intentional but usually bycatch. They are victims of longlines, hook-lines, gillnets and trawls. The sharks are used for their fins and meat. It is eaten fresh, smoked, dried, and salted and its skin made into leather. Bycatching of oceanic whitetip sharks may be reduced by removing hooks from longliners when they are in shallow water. Sharks may also be threatened by pollution. Those in the northwest Atlantic have been found to accumulate high amounts of mercury.

In March 2013, the oceanic whitetip was added to Appendix II of CITES meaning the species (including parts and derivatives) require CITES permits for international trade. On 30 January 2018, NOAA Fisheries published a final rule to list the oceanic whitetip shark as a threatened species under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) (83 FR 4153). From 3 January 2013, the shark was fully protected in New Zealand territorial waters under the Wildlife Act 1953. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the oceanic whitetip shark as "Migrant" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.

References

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External links

"Introducing an ongoing study of the Oceanic Whitetip Shark in the Red Sea". longimanus.info.
Oceanic Whitetip Shark Carcharhinus longimanus at marinebio.org
Photos of Oceanic whitetip shark on Sealife Collection

Extant shark species

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Subdivision Selachii

Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)

Hemigaleidae
(Weasel sharks)

Hemipristis	Snaggletooth shark (H. elongata)
Chaenogaleus	Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma)
Hemigaleus	Australian weasel shark (H. australiensis) Sicklefin weasel shark (H. microstoma)
Paragaleus	Whitetip weasel shark (P. leucolomatus) Atlantic weasel shark (P. pectoralis) Slender weasel shark (P. randalli) Straight-tooth weasel shark (P. tengi)

Leptochariidae

Leptocharias	Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii)

Proscylliidae
(Finback sharks)

Ctenacis	Harlequin catshark (C. fehlmanni)
Eridacnis	Cuban ribbontail catshark (E. barbouri) Pygmy ribbontail catshark (E. radcliffei) African ribbontail catshark (E. sinuans)
Proscyllium	Graceful catshark (P. habereri) P. venustum

Pseudotriakidae

Gollum	Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus)
Pseudotriakis	False catshark (P. microdon)

Sphyrnidae
(Hammerhead sharks)

Eusphyra	Winghead shark (E. blochii)
Sphyrna	Scalloped bonnethead (S. corona) Whitefin hammerhead (S. couardi) Scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini) Scoophead (S. media) Great hammerhead (S. mokarran) Bonnethead (S. tiburo) Smalleye hammerhead (S. tudes) Smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena)

Triakidae
(Houndsharks)

Furgaleus	Whiskery shark (F. macki)
Galeorhinus	School shark (G. galeus)
Gogolia	Sailback houndshark (G. filewoodi)
Hemitriakis	Deepwater sicklefin hound shark (H. abdita) Sicklefin hound shark (H. falcata) Japanese topeshark (H. japanica) Whitefin topeshark (H. leucoperiptera) Ocellate topeshark (Hemitriakis Sp.A)
Hypogaleus	Blacktip tope (H. hyugaensis)
Iago	Longnose houndshark (I. garricki) Bigeye houndshark (I. omanensis) Lowfin houndshark (Iago Sp.A)
Mustelus (Smooth-hounds)	M. albipinnis Gummy shark (M. antarcticus) Starry smooth-hound (M. asterias) Gray smooth-hound (M. californicus) Dusky smooth-hound (M. canis) Sharptooth smooth-hound (M. dorsalis) Striped smooth-hound (M. fasciatus) Spotless smooth-hound (M. griseus) Brown smooth-hound (M. henlei) Smalleye smooth-hound (M. higmani) Spotted estuary smooth-hound (M. lenticulatus) Sicklefin smooth-hound (M. lunulatus) Starspotted smooth-hound (M. manazo) Speckled smooth-hound (M. mento) M. minicanis Arabian smooth-hound (M. mosis) Common smooth-hound (M. mustelus) Narrowfin smooth-hound (M. norrisi) Whitespotted smooth-hound (M. palumbes) Blackspotted smooth-hound (M. punctulatus) M. ravidus Narrownose smooth-hound (M. schmitti) Gulf smoothhound (M. sinusmexicanus) Humpback smooth-hound (M. whitneyi) M. widodoi
Scylliogaleus	Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti)
Triakis	Sharpfin houndshark (T. acutipinna) Spotted houndshark (T. maculata) Sharptooth houndshark (T. megalopterus) Banded houndshark (T. scyllium) Leopard shark (T. semifasciata)

Carcharhinidae

Large family listed below

Scyliorhinidae

Large family listed below

Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)

Carcharhinus	Blacknose shark (C. acronotus) Silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus) Bignose shark (C. altimus) Graceful shark (C. amblyrhynchoides) Grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos) Pigeye shark (C. amboinensis) Borneo shark (C. borneensis) Copper shark (C. brachyurus) Spinner shark (C. brevipinna) Nervous shark (C. cautus) Whitecheek shark (C. dussumieri) Silky shark (C. falciformis) Creek whaler (C. fitzroyensis) Galapagos shark (C. galapagenisis) Pondicherry shark (C. hemiodon) Finetooth shark (C. isodon) Smoothtooth blacktip shark (C. leiodon) Bull shark (C. leucas) Blacktip shark (C. limbatus) Oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus) Hardnose shark (C. macloti) Blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus) Dusky shark (C. obscurus) Caribbean reef shark (C. perezii) Sandbar shark (C. plumbeus) Smalltail shark (C. porosus) Blackspot shark (C. sealei) Night shark (C. signatus) Spottail shark (C. sorrah) Australian blacktip shark (C. tilstoni)
Galeocerdo	Tiger shark (G. cuvier)
Glyphis (River sharks)	Ganges shark (G. gangeticus) Northern river shark (G. garricki) Speartooth shark (G. glyphis) Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis) Borneo river shark (Glyphis sp. B)
Isogomphodon	Daggernose shark (I. oxyrhynchus)
Lamiopsis	Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)
Loxodon	Sliteye shark (L. macrorhinus)
Nasolamia	Whitenose shark (N. velox)
Negaprion	Sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens) Lemon shark (N. brevirostris)
Prionace	Blue shark (P. glauca)
Rhizoprionodon	Milk shark (R. acutus) Brazilian sharpnose shark (R. lalandii) Pacific sharpnose shark (R. longurio) Grey sharpnose shark (R. oligolinx) Caribbean sharpnose shark (R. porosus) Australian sharpnose shark (R. taylori) Atlantic sharpnose shark (R. terraenovae)
Scoliodon	Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus)
Triaenodon	Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus)

Family Scyliorhinidae (Catsharks)

Apristurus	Flatnose cat shark (A. acanutus) A. albisoma A. aphyodes Atlantic ghost catshark (A. atlanticus) Brown catshark (A. brunneus) Hoary catshark (A. canutus) Flaccid catshark (A. exsanguis) A. fedorovi Humpback cat shark (A. gibbosus) Longfin catshark (A. herklotsi) Smallbelly catshark (A. indicus) A. internatus Broadnose catshark (A. investigatoris) Japanese catshark (A. japonicus) Longnose catshark (A. kampae) Iceland catshark (A. laurussonii) Longhead catshark (A. longicephalus) Flathead catshark (A. macrorhynchus) Broadmouth cat shark (A. macrostomus) Ghost catshark (A. manis) Black roughscale catshark (A. melanoasper) Smalleye catshark (A. microps) Smalldorsal cat shark (A. micropterygeus) Largenose catshark (A. nasutus) Smallfin catshark (A. parvipinnis) A. pinguis Spatulasnout catshark (A. platyrhynchus) Deepwater catshark (A. profundorum) Broadgill catshark (A. riveri) Saldanha catshark (A. saldanha) Pale catshark (A. sibogae) South China catshark (A. sinensis) Spongehead catshark (A. spongiceps) Panama ghost catshark (A. stenseni)
Asymbolus	Australian spotted catshark (A. analis) A. funebris Western spotted catshark (A. occiduus) Pale spotted catshark (A. pallidus) A. parvus A. rubiginosus Variegated catshark (A. submaculatus) Gulf catshark (A. vincenti)
Atelomycterus	A. baliensis Banded sand catshark (A. fasciatus) Australian marbled catshark (A. macleayi) Coral catshark (A. marmoratus)
Aulohalaelurus	New Caledonia catshark (A. kanakorum) Australian blackspotted catshark (A. labiosus)
Cephaloscyllium	Whitefin swellshark (C. albipinnum) Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (C. circulopullum) Cook's swellshark (C. cooki) Reticulated swellshark (C. fasciatum) Formosa swellshark (C. formosanum) Australian reticulate swellshark (C. hicosellum) Draughtsboard shark (C. isabellum) Australian swellshark (C. laticeps) Spotted swellshark (C. maculatum) Leopard-spotted swellshark (C. pardelotum) Painted swellshark (C. pictum) Sarawak pygmy swellshark (C. sarawakensis) Flagtail swellshark (C. signourum) Indian swellshark (C. silasi) Speckled swellshark (C. speccum) Balloon shark (C. sufflans) Blotchy swellshark (C. umbratile) Saddled swellshark (C. variegatum) Swellshark (C. ventriosum) Narrowbar swellshark (C. zebrum)
Cephalurus	Lollipop catshark (C. cephalus)
Figaro	Australian sawtail catshark (F. boardmani) Northern sawtail catshark (F. striatus)
Galeus	Antilles catshark (G. antillensis) Roughtail catshark (G. arae) Atlantic sawtail cat shark (G. atlanticus) Longfin sawtail cat shark (G. cadenati) Gecko catshark (G. eastmani) Slender sawtail catshark (G. gracilis) Longnose sawtail cat shark (G. longirostris) Blackmouth catshark (G. melastomus) Southern sawtail catshark (G. mincaronei) Mouse catshark (G. murinus) Broadfin sawtail catshark (G. nipponensis) Peppered catshark (G. piperatus) African sawtail catshark (G. polli) G. priapus Blacktip sawtail catshark (G. sauteri) Dwarf sawtail catshark (G. schultzi) Springer's sawtail cat shark (G. springeri)
Halaelurus	Arabian catshark (H. alcockii) Speckled catshark (H. boesemani) Blackspotted catshark (H. buergeri) Dusky catshark (H. canescens) Broadhead cat shark (H. clevai) New Zealand catshark (H. dawsoni) Bristly catshark (H. hispidus) Spotless catshark (H. immaculatus) Lined catshark (H. lineatus) Mud catshark (H. lutarius) Tiger catshark (H. natalensis) Quagga catshark (H. quagga)
Haploblepharus	Puffadder shyshark (H. edwardsii) Brown shyshark (H. fuscus) Natal shyshark (H. kistnasamyi) Dark shyshark (H. pictus)
Holohalaelurus	H. favus H. grennian Crying izak (H. melanostigma) African spotted catshark (H. punctatus) Izak catshark (H. regani)
Parmaturus	White-tip catshark (P. albimarginatus) White-clasper catshark (P. albipenis) Beige catshark (P. bigus) Campeche catshark (P. campechiensis) Velvet catshark (P. lanatus) McMillan's catshark (P. macmillani) Blackgill catshark (P. melanobranchus) Salamander shark (P. pilosus) Filetail catshark (P. xaniurus) Shorttail catshark (Parmaturus sp. A)
Pentanchus	Onefin catshark (P. profundicolus)
Poroderma	Pyjama catshark (P. africanum) Leopard catshark (P. pantherinum)
Schroederichthys	Narrowmouthed catshark (S. bivius) Redspotted catshark (S. chilensis) Narrowtail catshark (S. maculatus) Lizard catshark (S. saurisqualus) Slender catshark (S. tenuis)
Scyliorhinus	Polkadot catshark (S. besnardi) Boa catshark (S. boa) Small-spotted catshark (S. canicula) Yellowspotted catshark (S. capensis) West African catshark (S. cervigoni) Comoro cat shark (S. comoroensis) Brownspotted catshark (S. garmani) Freckled catshark (S. haeckelii) Whitesaddled catshark (S. hesperius) Blotched catshark (S. meadi) Chain catshark (S. retifer) Nursehound (S. stellaris) Izu cat shark (S. tokubee) Cloudy catshark (S. torazame) Dwarf catshark (S. torrei)

Order Echinorhiniformes (Bramble sharks)

Echinorhinidae

Echinorhinus	Bramble shark (E. brucus) Prickly shark (E. cookei)

Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)

Heterodontidae

Heterodontus	Horn shark (H. francisci) Crested bullhead shark (H. galeatus) Japanese bullhead shark (H. japonicus) Mexican hornshark (H. mexicanus) Oman bullhead shark (H. omanensis) Port Jackson shark (H. portusjacksoni) Galapagos bullhead shark (H. quoyi) Whitespotted bullhead shark (H. ramalheira) Zebra bullhead shark (H. zebra)

Order Hexanchiformes

Chlamydoselachidae

Chlamydoselachus	Frilled shark (C. anguineus) Southern African frilled shark (C. africana)

Hexanchidae
(Cow sharks)

Heptranchias	Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo)
Hexanchus	Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus) Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai)
Notorynchus	Broadnose sevengill shark (N. cepedianus)

Order Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)

Alopiidae

Alopias (Thresher sharks)	Pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus) Bigeye thresher (A. superciliosus) Common thresher (A. vulpinus) Alopias sp. (A. sp.)

Cetorhinidae

Cetorhinus	Basking shark (C. maximus)

Lamnidae

Carcharodon	Great white shark (C. carcharias)
Isurus	Shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus) Longfin mako shark (I. paucus)
Lamna	Salmon shark (L. ditropis) Porbeagle (L. nasus)

Megachasmidae

Megachasma	Megamouth shark (M. pelagios)

Mitsukurinidae

Mitsukurina	Goblin shark (M. owstoni)

Odontaspididae

Carcharias	Grey nurse shark (C. taurus) Indian sand tiger (C. tricuspidatus)
Odontaspis	Smalltooth sand tiger (O. ferox) Bigeye sand tiger (O. noronhai)

Pseudocarchariidae

Pseudocarcharias	Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai)

Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)

Brachaeluridae

Brachaelurus	Blind shark (B. waddi)
Heteroscyllium	Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi)

Ginglymostomatidae
(Nurse sharks)

Ginglymostoma	Nurse shark (G. cirratum)
Nebrius	Tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus)
Pseudoginglymostoma	Short-tail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum)

Hemiscylliidae
(Bamboo sharks)

Chiloscyllium	Arabian carpetshark (C. arabicum) Burmese bamboo shark (C. burmensis) Bluespotted bamboo shark (C. caerulopunctatum) Grey bamboo shark (C. griseum) Hasselt's bamboo shark (C. hasseltii) Slender bamboo shark (C. indicum) Whitespotted bamboo shark (C. plagiosum) Brownbanded bamboo shark (C. punctatum)
Hemiscyllium	Indonesian speckled carpetshark (H. freycineti) H. galei Papuan epaulette shark (H. hallstromi) H. henryi Epaulette shark (H. ocellatum) Hooded carpetshark (H. strahani) Speckled carpetshark (H. trispeculare)

Orectolobidae
(Wobbegongs)

Eucrossorhinus	Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon)
Orectolobus	Floral banded wobbegong (O. floridus) Banded wobbegong (O. halei) Western wobbegong (O. hutchinsi) Japanese wobbegong (O. japonicus) Spotted wobbegong (O. maculatus) Ornate wobbegong (O. ornatus) Dwarf spotted wobbegong (O. parvimaculatus) Network wobbegong (O. reticulatus) Northern wobbegong (O. wardi)
Sutorectus	Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus)

Parascylliidae
(Collared carpet sharks)

Cirrhoscyllium	Barbelthroat carpetshark (C. expolitum) Taiwan saddled carpetshark (C. formosanum) Saddle carpetshark (C. japonicum)
Parascyllium	Collared carpetshark (P. collare) Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum) Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum) Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum)

Rhincodontidae

Rhincodon	Whale shark (R. typus)

Stegostomatidae

Stegostoma	Zebra shark (S. fasciatum)

Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)

Pristiophoridae

Pliotrema	Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni)
Pristiophorus	Longnose sawshark (P. cirratus) Tropical sawshark (P. delicatus) Japanese sawshark (P. japonicus) Shortnose sawshark (P. nudipinnis) Bahamas sawshark (P. schroederi) Eastern Australian sawshark (Pristiophorus peroniensis) Philippine sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. C) Dwarf sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. D)

Order Squaliformes

Centrophoridae
(Gulper sharks)

Centrophorus

Deania

Dalatiidae

Euprotomicroides	Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia)
Heteroscymnoides	Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi)
Mollisquama	Pocket shark (M. parini)
Dalatias	Kitefin shark (D. licha)
Isistius	Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis) South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis) Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus)
Euprotomicrus	Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus)
Squaliolus	Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae) Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus)

Etmopteridae

Aculeola	Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra)
Centroscyllium	Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum) Black dogfish (C. fabricii) Granular dogfish (C. granulatum) Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai) Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum) Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum) Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri)
Etmopterus (Lantern sharks)	New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri) Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi) Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus) Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi) E. burgessi Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri) Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus) Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus) Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus) E. dislineatus Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi) Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus) Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis) Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus) Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus) Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi) Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer) Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri) Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi) African lanternshark (E. polli) Great lanternshark (E. princeps) False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus) Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus) Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis) West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi) Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi) Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus) Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax) Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus) Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis) Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor) Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus) Green lanternshark (E. virens)
Miroscyllium	Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi)
Trigonognathus	Viper dogfish (T. kabeyai)

Oxynotidae
(Rough sharks)

Oxynotus	Prickly dogfish (O. bruniensis) Caribbean roughshark (O. caribbaeus) Angular roughshark (O. centrina) Japanese roughshark (O. japonicus) Sailfin roughshark (O. paradoxus)

Somniosidae
(Sleeper sharks)

Centroscymnus	Portuguese dogfish (C. coelolepis) Shortnose velvet dogfish (C. cryptacanthus) Roughskin dogfish (C. owstoni)
Centroselachus	Longnose velvet dogfish (C. crepidater)
Proscymnodon	Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus) Plunket shark (P. plunketi)
Scymnodalatias	Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda) Azores dogfish (S. garricki) Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon) Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi)
Scymnodon	Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus) Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens)
Somniosus	Southern sleeper shark (S. antarcticus) Frog shark (S. longus ) Greenland shark (S. microcephalus) Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus) Little sleeper shark (S. rostratus)
Zameus	Japanese velvet dogfish (Z. ichiharai) Velvet dogfish (Z. squamulosus)