Misplaced Pages

Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in 2015
Official name	Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos
Country	Finland
Location	Eurajoki, Region of Satakunta
Coordinates	61°14′13″N 21°26′27″E / 61.23694°N 21.44083°E / 61.23694; 21.44083
Status	Operational
Construction began	Unit 1: 1 February 1974 (1974-02-01) Unit 2: 1 November 1975 (1975-11-01) Unit 3: 12 August 2005 (2005-08-12)
Commission date	Unit 1: 10 October 1979 (1979-10-10) Unit 2: 10 July 1982 (1982-07-10) Unit 3: 16 April 2023 (2023-04-16)
Owner	Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO)
Operator	TVO
Employees	1000 (2021)
Nuclear power station
Reactors	3
Reactor type	Units 1–2: BWR Unit 3: PWR (EPR)
Reactor supplier	Units 1–2: AB ASEA-ATOM Unit 3: Areva S.A.
Cooling source	Gulf of Bothnia
Thermal capacity	2 × 2,500 MWth (Units 1–2) 1 × 4,300 MWth (Unit 3) Combined: 9,300 MWth
Power generation
Units operational	2 × 890 MWe (net) (Units 1–2) 1 × 1,600 MWe (net) (Unit 3)
Make and model	Units 1–2: ASEA-III, BWR-2500 Unit 3: Framatome EPR
Nameplate capacity	3,380 MW
Capacity factor	92.8% (2021)
Annual net output	14,400 GW·h (2021)
External links
Website	Olkiluoto nuclear power plant
Commons	Related media on Commons
[edit on Wikidata]

The Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (Finnish: Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitos, Swedish: Olkiluoto kärnkraftverk) is one of Finland's two nuclear power plants, the other being the two-unit Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant. The plant is owned and operated by Teollisuuden Voima (TVO), and is located on Olkiluoto Island, on the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the municipality of Eurajoki in western Finland, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the town of Rauma and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the city of Pori.

The Olkiluoto plant consists of two boiling water reactors (BWRs), each with a capacity of 890 MW, and one EPR type reactor (unit 3) with a capacity of 1,600 MW. This makes unit 3 currently the most powerful nuclear power plant unit in Europe and the third most powerful globally. Construction of unit 3 began in 2005. Commercial operation, originally scheduled for May 2009, began on 1 May 2023.

A decision-in-principle for a fourth reactor to be built at the site was granted by the Finnish parliament in July 2010, but in June 2015 TVO decided that it would not apply for a construction license for Olkiluoto 4.

Units 1 and 2

Units 1 and 2 consists of two BWRs, each producing 890 MW of electricity. The main contractor was ASEA-Atom, now a part of Westinghouse Electric Sweden AB. Turbine generators were supplied by Stal-Laval. The units' architecture was designed by ASEA-Atom. The reactor pressure vessels were constructed by Uddcomb Sweden AB, and reactor internal parts, mechanical components by Finnatom. The electrical equipment was supplied by Strömberg. Unit 1 was constructed by Atomirakennus and unit 2 by Jukola and Työyhtymä. Unit 1 achieved its initial criticality in July 1978 and it started commercial operations in October 1979. Unit 2 achieved its initial criticality in October 1979 and it started commercial operations in July 1982.

The original power of the reactors was 660 MW. They were uprated to 710 MW in 1983–1984, to 840 MW in 1995–1998, and further to 860 MW in 2005–2006. Major upgrades were carried out to the units in 2010 and 2011, including replacement of turbines and generators, isolation valves, electrical switchgear and seawater pumps. The upgrades increased the net electrical output by 20 MW to 880 MW each.

In 2017, unit 2 was upgraded and modernized, increasing the output further to 890 MW from the beginning of 2018. A similar upgrade to unit 1 was performed in 2018. The extended maintenance was also made to prepare for a license renewal application. The license extension was granted in September 2018 and allows the reactors to operate until 2038.

In 2023, TVO announced it is considering seeking another license extension of at least 10 years and a power uprate of 80 MW to 970 MW. The environmental impact assessment program, published in January 2024, investigates options to extend the lifetime by 10 or 20 years at the current power or uprating to 970 MW (in 2028 at the earliest) in addition to the 10 or 20-year extension.

Unit 3

Unit 3 is a EPR, a type of third generation pressurized water reactor. It has a nameplate capacity of 1600 MW. Japan Steel Works and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries manufactured the unit's 526-ton reactor pressure vessel.

Construction started in 2005, and the start of commercial operation was planned for 2010. This has been pushed back several times only starting regular production in 2023, 18 years after the start of construction.

History

In February 2005, the Finnish government gave its permission to TVO to construct a new nuclear reactor, making Finland the first Western European country in 15 years to order one. The construction of the unit began in 2005. Olkiluoto 3 was the first EPR to have begun construction. At the start of construction, the main contractor was Areva NP (now Framatome), a joint venture of Areva and Siemens. However, in 2009, Siemens sold its one-third share of Areva NP to Areva, which became the main contractor. Siemens remained on the project as the subcontractor with the main responsibility for constructing the turbine hall. Areva later sold its majority stake in Framatome, its nuclear reactor and fuel business, to Électricité de France.

According to TVO, the construction phase of the project would create a total of about 30,000 person-years of employment directly and indirectly; that the highest number of on-site employees has been almost 4,400; and that the operation phase would create 150 to 200 permanent jobs. A 90 MW battery storage was scheduled for 2022.

On 8 December 2021, the company submitted its application to Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority asking permission to start up Unit 3 and to move forward with initial testing of the unit. This was granted on 16 December 2021. First criticality of the OL3 EPR plant unit was reached on 21 December 2021. An unplanned SCRAM occurred on 14 January 2022, delaying connection to the national grid to February 2022. The electricity production of Olkiluoto's third nuclear power plant unit started on Saturday, 12 March 2022, at 12.01 p.m. In May 2022, foreign material detached from the steam guide plates was found in the turbine steam reheater, and the plant was shut down for about three months of repair work.

In September 2022, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) granted a licence for the Olkiluoto 3 reactor to increase its power output to more than 60 percent to a full 4,300 MW of thermal capacity. On 30 September 2022, the reactor achieved its design output power. In October 2022, damage was discovered in the feedwater pumps and unit 3 was shut down for an investigation, delaying the end of commissioning testing. On 28 October, it was announced that cracks a few centimetres long had been found in all four of the feedwater pump impellers. The feedwater pumps are larger than in other nuclear reactors. In January 2023, it was announced that new more robust impellers will be installed in all four feedwater pumps, and test operation at full power should restart in February.

The plant started regular electricity production on 16 April 2023 after test production and commercial operation on 1 May 2023. Unusual for nuclear reactors in Scandinavia, OL3 reduced production in May 2023 due to negative market prices during the spring thaw when hydropower was unable to absorb surplus.

Construction delays

The first licence application for the third unit was made in December 2000 and the date of the unit's entry into service was estimated to be 2010. However, since the start of construction, several delays to the schedule have been announced. In July 2012, TVO announced that the unit would not go into service before 2015, five years after the original estimate. In a statement, the operator said it was "not pleased with the situation" although solutions to various problems were being found and work was "progressing", and that it was waiting for a new launch date from Areva and Siemens.

At the end of 2013, TVO said that the Areva-Siemens consortium plans to reduce workers and subcontractors on the construction site and says that it expects the contractor to provide details about the expected impact on the project's schedule.

In February 2014, TVO said that it could not give an estimate of the plant's startup date because it was still waiting for the Areva-Siemens consortium to provide it with an updated overall schedule for the project." Later the same month it was reported that Areva was shutting down construction due to the dispute over compensations and unfinished automation planning. According to Kauppalehti, the estimated opening was delayed until 2018–2020.

In July 2019, TVO announced that regular electricity generation is expected to start in July 2020. The delay was caused by slower than expected modification works. In August 2020, TVO announced that regular electricity generation was delayed to February 2022 due to slow progress in system testing, technical problems found in the testing, and delivery time of spare parts to replace faulty components.

The delays have been due to various problems with planning, supervision, and workmanship, and have been the subject of an inquiry by STUK, the Finnish nuclear safety regulator. The first problems that surfaced were irregularities in the foundation concrete, and caused a delay of months. Later, it was found that subcontractors had provided heavy forgings that were not up to project standards and which had to be re-cast. An apparent problem constructing the reactor's unique double-containment structure also caused delays, as the welders had not been given proper instructions.

In 2009, Petteri Tiippana, the director of STUK's nuclear power plant division, told the BBC that it was difficult to deliver nuclear power plant projects on schedule because builders were not used to working to the exacting standards required on nuclear construction sites, since so few new reactors had been built in recent years.

In 2010, Jukka Laaksonen, Director General of STUK at that time, analyzed reasons for the delay:

• Many nuclear power plants were constructed in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. After that there was a long break in the construction, and experienced experts retired.
• Areva did not have experience in construction of nuclear power plants. In all the earlier projects in which Areva supplied the reactor, Électricité de France was responsible for the construction management. Many experienced subcontractors had left the business, and Areva had to find new subcontractors and to coach them in nuclear manufacturing.
• The original schedule, four years from construction start to grid connection, was too ambitious for a first-of-a-kind plant that is larger than any earlier reactor.
• The project started very slowly because Areva was not adequately prepared. When the construction permit was given in 2005, parts of the detailed design were not yet available. Areva did not recognize how much additional work was needed to complete it. The construction started to proceed in a controlled manner two years later.
• Areva was not used to STUK's regulatory approach with an early focus on the quality of structures and components. Manufacturing information and a quality control plan must be approved by both the licensee and STUK before manufacturing of the most important components is allowed to start. Inspections with hold points are made during the manufacturing.
• The large size of the reactor and the application of new technologies brought major challenges. Some manufacturing technologies had not been used before. For instance, new welding techniques were used in the reactor pressure vessel. Many large components, such as pressurizer forgings and some reactor internal parts, had to be re-manufactured once or twice to achieve the specified quality.
• TVO's key persons did not have experience from management of a large construction project.

Construction of the turbine succeeded better under the responsibility of Siemens. Installations of the main turbine equipment were completed about one year behind the original schedule.

After the construction of the unit started in 2005, Areva began constructing EPRs in Flamanville, France, and in Taishan, China. However, as of 2019, the construction of the EPR in France is ten years behind schedule. Taishan 1 in China became the first EPR to start power generation on 29 June 2018, and the second one (Taishan 2) came online in 2019.

Cost

The main contractor, Areva, was expected to build the unit for a fixed price of €3 billion, with any construction costs above that price falling on Areva. In July 2012, those overruns were estimated at more than €2 billion, and in December 2012, Areva estimated that the full cost of building the reactor would be about €8.5 billion, well over the previous estimate of €6.4 billion. Because of the delays, TVO and Areva both sought compensation from each other through the International Court of Arbitration.

In October 2013, TVO's demand for compensation from Areva had risen to €1.8 billion, and Areva's from TVO to €2.6 billion. In December 2013, Areva increased its demand to €2.7 billion. On 10 March 2018 French newspaper Le Monde announced that Areva and TVO had reached an agreement. A day later, TVO confirmed that Areva would pay it €450 million in compensation over the delays and lost income. The agreement would settle all legal actions between the two companies. With the settlement, TVO disclosed its total investment to be around €5.5 billion. Areva had accumulated losses of €5.5 billion. The total cost of the project, therefore, is estimated to be €11 billion.

Between 2013 and 2017 OL1 and OL2 produced between 13,385 GWh and 14,740 GWh per year at capacity factors between 87.2% and 96%. OL3 is expected to produce an additional 12,000–13,000 GWh annually. Even taking into account all OL3 construction delays the long-term target for operational production cost (not including investments and subsidies) for all three plants is 33 €/MWh. Production cost for the OL3 reactor alone is estimated at 49 €/MWh, as OL1-2 had a production cost of app. 18 €/MWh during 2016-2020, prior to OL3 entering service.

Criticism

In 2009, Stephen Thomas wrote, "Olkiluoto has become an example of all that can go wrong in economic terms with new reactors," and that Areva and the TVO "are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default." The project has also been criticized by STUK because "instructions have not been observed in the welding of pipes and the supervision of welding." STUK has also noted that there have been delays in submitting proper paperwork.

Olkiluoto 3 was supposed to be the first reactor of 3+ generation which would pave the way for a new wave of identical reactors across Europe that were safe, affordable, and delivered on time. The delays and cost overruns have had knock-on effects in other countries.

The construction workforce includes about 3,800 employees from 500 companies. 80% of the workers are foreigners, mostly from eastern European countries. In 2012 it was reported that one Bulgarian contracting firm is owned by the mafia, and that Bulgarian workers have been required to pay weekly protection fees to the mafia, wages have been unpaid, employees have been told not to join a union and that employers also reneged on social security payments.

Project timeline

Operations

The first annual maintenance outage started on 2 March 2024, and was expected to take 37 days. The outage was delayed from the original plan due to the shutdown process and inspections of the fuel elements taking longer than expected, and technical problems identified during the maintenance. The outage lasted 74 days, and the plant resumed electricity production on 16 May.

Unit 4

On 14 February 2008, TVO submitted an environmental impact assessment of unit four to the Ministry of Employment and Economy. On 21 April 2010, the government of Finland decided to grant a decision-in-principle to Teollisuuden Voima for the fourth reactor in Olkiluoto. The decision was approved by the parliament on 1 July 2010. If constructed, the fourth unit would be a PWR or a BWR with a power output of 1,000 to 1,800 MW.

In September 2014, with unit 3 still unfinished, the Finnish government rejected TVO's request for time extension of the unit 4 decision-in-principle. Economic Affairs Minister Jan Vapaavuori referred to the long delay of the 3rd reactor and to unsatisfactory assurances by TVO that the 4th unit would ever be built. Nevertheless PM Stubb stated that the rejection didn't spell the end for the OL4 project, and that TVO would have the opportunity to apply for a construction license before the decision-in-principle expires in June 2015.

In June 2015, TVO decided not to apply for a construction permit for the Olkiluoto 4 unit because of delays with unit 3, however saying they are prepared to file for a new decision-in-principle later.

Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository

The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is a deep geological repository for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel, the first such repository in the world. It is currently under construction at the Olkiluoto plant by the company Posiva, owned by the nuclear power plant operators Fortum and TVO.

Agriculture

The waste heat, an output common to all thermal power plants, which heats the cooling water (at 13 °C) is utilized for small-scale agriculture before being pumped back to the sea. The power plant hosts the northernmost vineyard in the world, a 0.1 ha experimental plot that yields 850 kg Zilga grapes annually. Another use is a pond for growing crabs, whitefish and sturgeon for caviar.

Incidents

In April 2014, a turbine steam condenser of unit 1 had a small seawater leak, at a rate of two litres per hour. According to the operator, the leak forced to limit the plant output down to 300 MW, but was not serious and was to be repaired in a day.

An incident occurred at unit 2 on 10 December 2020 at 12:22. Because of valve repair work, excessively hot water flowed to the reactor water clean-up system filters. The hot water dissolved materials from the filters. When the clean-up system was restarted, the dissolved materials flowed to the reactor core, where they became radioactive. This caused the radiation levels in the steam line to momentarily rise to 3–4 times higher than normal. The increase of the radiation level activated safety systems, which operated as planned and triggered reactor scram, closed containment isolation valves, and started the containment spray system. The operators followed procedures and declared a site area emergency at 12:32. The event caused a full-scale emergency response at the power plant and at the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. There was no radioactive release to the environment, and the workers were not exposed to radiation. The event was categorized as 0 on the INES scale, which means that it was an exceptional event with no safety significance. The reactor was restarted on 19 December, nine days after the incident.

On 3 June 2024 at 11:41, electricity production of unit 3 was briefly interrupted due to a turbine malfunction. An immediate investigation found the cause to be a failure in the differential pressure measurement of the generator's sealing oil and hydrogen coolant. The unit returned to normal production on the following night. The incident had no impact on nuclear safety.

See also

• Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant
• List of nuclear reactors in Finland
  • Hanhikivi Nuclear Power Plant
• Nuclear engineering
• Nuclear power in Finland
• Into Eternity, a 2010 documentary about the construction of a Finnish waste depository
• Journey to the Safest Place on Earth, a 2013 documentary about the urgent need for safe depositories

Notes and references

1. ^ Colthorpe, Andy (16 June 2021). "Hitachi ABB Power Grids to deploy 90MW battery storage system at Finnish nuclear plant". Energy Storage News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Finnish power company Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) operates and owns two nuclear power stations on the island of Olkiluoto which supply about one-sixth of Finland's energy consumption and represent about 22% of all power generated in the country. This year, TVO is about to open its third plant on the island, Olkiluoto 3 (OL3), which will have a nameplate capacity of 1,600MWe and will be capable of meeting about 14% of the country's electricity demand.
2. ^ "Olkiluoto 3 at full power for the first time". TVO. 30 September 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
3. ^ Europe's biggest nuclear reactor reaches full power Archived 15 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine – Arab News
4. EPR development. An evolutionary design process Archived 4 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
5. "Olkiluoto 3 starts full electricity production a day early – but 14 years late". 15 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
6. ^ "TVO confirms acceptance of Olkiluoto 3 EPR and start of warranty period". TVO. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
7. ^ Kinnunen, Terhi (1 July 2010). "Finnish parliament agrees plans for two reactors". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
8. ^ "Olkiluoto 3 delayed beyond 2014". World Nuclear News. 17 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
9. ^ "Finland's Olkiluoto 3 nuclear plant delayed again". BBC. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
10. ^ "TVO will not now apply for construction license for OL4" (Press release). 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
11. "OL1 and OL2". TVO. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
12. ^ "Nuclear power plant units Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2" (PDF). Teollisuuden Voima. January 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
13. ^ "TVO 1". International Nuclear Safety Center. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
14. "TVO 2". International Nuclear Safety Center. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
15. "Olkiluoto-2". Power Reactor Information System. IAEA. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
16. "2011 sees record outage at Olkiluoto 2". Nuclear Engineering International. 9 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
17. "Olkiluodon ydinvoimalaitoksella modernisointeja, tehonkorotuksia ja tasaista sähköntuotantoa". TVO. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
18. "The third best production year ever for Olkiluoto 2 plant unit". TVO. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
19. "Finnish Government approves extension of operating licences for OL1 and OL2 plant units". TVO. 20 September 2018. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
20. "TVO eyes extended, expanded use of Olkiluoto units". World Nuclear News. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
21. "The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) program for the possible extension of the operational lifespan and power increase of Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2 plant units has been completed". TVO. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
22. "OL3 Reactor Pressure Vessel Arrived in Olkiluoto". TVO. 4 January 2009. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. The OL3 reactor pressure vessel was manufactured at Japan Steel Works and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
23. ^ "Chronology of Olkiluoto 3 project". Areva. 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
24. "Olkiluoto 3 begins instrumentation and control tests". World Nuclear News. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
25. ^ "Olkiluoto 3 test production to continue until December". World Nuclear News. 16 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
26. "14 years late, Finland's new reactor, Olkiluoto 3, starts generating power". 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
27. Schneider, Mycle; Froggatt, Antony; Thomas, Steve (2011). "The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010–2011: Nuclear Power in a Post-Fukushima World" (PDF). Worldwatch Institute. p. 60. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
28. "Siemens to give up nuclear joint venture with Areva". Helsingin Sanomat. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
29. ^ "Siemens quits the nuclear game". World Nuclear News. 19 September 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
30. "OL3 – koko Suomen projekti". Power Reactor Information System. TVO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
31. "TVO Requests Permission To Fire Up Olkiluoto 3". Nuclear Street. 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
32. ^ "STUK has granted permission to start the OL3 reactor – stuk-en". Tiedote-en. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
33. "Grid connection of Finnish EPR postponed". World Nuclear News. 27 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
34. "The start of OL3 EPR's regular electricity production postponed to September". TVO. 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
35. "Long-delayed nuclear reactor approved to exceed 60% energy production". Yle News. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
36. "Feedwater pump damage delays Finnish EPR commissioning". World Nuclear News. 19 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
37. "Olkiluoto 3:n syöttövesipumppujen sisäosien vaurioiden selvitystyöt jatkuvat" (in Finnish). TVO. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
38. "Cracks found in all four OL3 feedwater pumps". World Nuclear News. 28 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
39. "TVO – The investigation is still ongoing regarding the damages in the internals of Olkiluoto 3's feedwater pumps". www.tvo.fi. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
40. "Investigation of damage continues at OL3". Nuclear Engineering International. 1 November 2022. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
41. "New impellers for OL3's feedwater pumps". Nuclear Engineering International. 25 January 2023. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
42. ^ "Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3". TVO. 16 April 2023. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
43. "Olkiluoto's third unit started regular production on Sunday". Helsinki Times. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
44. "Finnish nuclear plant throttles production as electricity price plunges". Yle News. 17 May 2023.
45. "Licensing of Olkiluoto 3: Preliminary safety assessment on the application for a fifth nuclear power plant". STUK. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
46. ^ Boxell, James (16 July 2012). "Areva's atomic reactor faces further delays". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
47. "Areva-Siemens to cut staff at Olkiluoto 3 site -TVO". Reuters. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
48. "Finnish EPR passes integrity tests". World Nuclear News. 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
49. ^ Paula Nikula (28 February 2014). "Areva ajaa Olkiluodon työmaata alas" (in Finnish). Kauppalehti. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
50. ^ "OL3 EPR's regular electricity generation starts in July 2020". TVO. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
51. ^ "Olkiluoto kolmoselle viimein aikataulu: säännöllinen sähköntuotanto alkaa helmikuussa vuonna 2022" (in Finnish). Yle. 28 August 2020. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
52. ^ "Olkiluoto pipe welding 'deficient', says regulator". World Nuclear News. 16 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
53. ^ Jones, Meirion (25 November 2009). "New UK nuclear stations unlikely to be ready on time". BBC. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
54. ^ Laaksonen, Jukka (1 September 2010). "Lessons Learned from Olkiluoto 3 Plant". Power Engineering. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
55. "EDF warns of added costs of Flamanville EPR weld repairs". World Nuclear News. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
56. ^ "New delay in start-up of Finnish EPR". World Nuclear News. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
57. "PRIS – Reactor Details". Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
58. ^ "Suomenkin uusi ydinvoimala maksaa 8,5 miljardia euroa". Helsingin Sanomat. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
59. ^ "Areva Again Raises Estimate of Cost of Olkiluoto Reactor". The Wall Street Journal. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
60. "Olkiluoto-kiista kovenee: Areva nosti korvausvaatimuksensa 2,6 miljardiin". YLE. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
61. "Claim for Olkiluoto 3 delays explodes to 2.7 billion". YLE. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
62. "Le Monde: Areva to pay hundreds of millions in compensation for delayed OL3 Nuclear Power Plant in Finland". Metropolitan.fi. 10 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
63. ^ "TVO confirms a settlement agreement signed on OL3 EPR project completion and related disputes". TVO. 11 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
64. Schneider, Mycle; Froggatt, Antony (1 September 2019). "The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2019" (PDF). Paris, Budapest: A Mycle Schneider Consulting Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2023. TVO's current capital expenditure assumptions and the effect of the settlement agreement estimates its total investment to be around € 5.5 billion (US$ 6.42 billion); on top of this AREVA had losses of € 5.5 billion, for a total of € 11 billion (US$ 12.4 billion) compared with the initial estimate cost in 2003 of "around € 3 billion". (p. 66)
65. "Finnish Nuclear Producer Teollisuuden Voima Upgraded To 'BBB-' From 'BB+' On OL3 Plant Commissioning; Outlook Stable". spglobal.com. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
66. "TVO Credit Investor Presentation June-2021" (PDF). June 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
67. "The Myth of the European "Nuclear Renaissance"". Physicians for Social Responsibility. 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013.
68. "Leaked Olkiluoto letter". Nuclear Engineering International. 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
69. Katz, Alan (11 September 2007). "Finnish plant demonstrates nuclear power industry's perennial problems". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
70. "TVO: Arevalta vaadittu suomalaisten sopimusten noudattamista". Helsingin Sanomat. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
71. "Paper: Workers at Olkiluoto forced to pay protection money to mafia". YLE. 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
72. "OLKILUOTO 3 – FINLAND". Areva. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
73. "Nuclear power plant Olkiluoto 3". Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (Finland). 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
74. "Licensing of Olkiluoto 3". STUK. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
75. "Tekniikka & Talous: Siemens voi päästä irti Olkiluodon korvausvastuista". 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
76. "Lauvergeon Leaves Areva on 'Good' Track-Record, Besson Says". Bloomberg. 18 June 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
77. "TVO prepares for further Olkiluoto 3 delay". World Nuclear News. 11 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
78. "Olkiluoto 3 startup pushed back to 2018". World Nuclear News. 1 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
79. "Olkiluodon työmaalla jälleen vipinää". YLE. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
80. "Projektijohtaja: OL3 aikataulu TVO:n hanskassa". YLE. 14 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
81. "TVO innoissaan: Olkiluodon kolmosreaktorissa alettu testata tärkeää järjestelmää". YLE. 13 January 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
82. "TVO submits OL3 Operating License application to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy". TVO. 14 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
83. "How Siemens could become a nuclear company again". Clean Energy Wire (CLEW). Berlin, Germany. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
84. Kläsgen, Michael; Büschemann, Karl-Heinz (25 October 2016). "Kernenergie: Wie Siemens doch wieder zum Atomkonzern werden könnte" [Nuclear power: How Siemens could become a nuclear enterprise again]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Munich, Germany. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
85. "Plant supplier informs that regular electricity production of Olkiluoto 3 EPR starts in May 2019". TVO. 9 October 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
86. "Hot functional tests begin at Finnish EPR". World Nuclear News. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
87. "Fuel for Olkiluoto 3 EPR is in Olkiluoto". TVO. 8 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
88. "Olkiluoto EPR prepares for fuel loading – World Nuclear News". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
89. "Start-up of Finnish EPR put back four months". World Nuclear News. 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
90. "Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK): Operating licence can be granted to Olkiluoto 3". STUK. 25 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
91. "The Government granted an operating licence to the nuclear power plant unit Olkiluoto 3". Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
92. "UPDATE 2-Fresh setback for Finland's delayed Olkiluoto 3 reactor". Reuters. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
93. "Olkiluodon uudessa ydinvoimalassa jälleen viivästys: Projekti arviolta kuusi viikkoa myöhässä". 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
94. "Olkiluoto 3 nuke delayed yet again, now 12 years behind schedule". Yle Uutiset. 20 December 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
95. "Further delay in commissioning of Finnish EPR". World Nuclear News. 28 August 2020. Archived from the original on 29 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
96. "STUK: The third nuclear reactor of Olkiluoto received the fuel loading permit". STUK. 26 March 2021. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
97. "Fuel loading at OL3, a historical event in many respects, successfully brought to finishing line!". TVO. 16 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
98. "Olkiluoto kolmonen viivästyy taas – turbiinin huolto kestää odotettua pidempään". Yle. 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
99. ^ "The Olkiluoto 3 EPR plant unit's electricity production has started". TVO. 12 March 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
100. "Olkiluoto 3 annual outage completed". TVO. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
101. ^ "Environmental study for Olkiluoto 4". World Nuclear News. 15 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
102. "Stubb: Nuclear reactor project still possible despite cabinet rejection". YLE. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
103. "TVO ei aio hakea rakentamislupaa Olkiluoto 4:lle". YLE. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
104. "Totuus Olkiluodon viinirypäleistä" [The truth about the grapes at Olkiluoto] (in Finnish). 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
105. "a dead link with an unknown title".
106. "Fault at Olkiluoto: Seawater leaks into nuclear condenser". YLE. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
107. ^ "More information on the plant disturbance at Olkiluoto 2". Teollisuuden Voima. 13 December 2020. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
108. "The unit 2 at Olkiluoto will be shut down to a cold state so that the cause of the fault can be determined – the situation is stable". Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
109. "The Olkiluoto 2 plant unit was reconnected to the Finnish national grid". Teollisuuden Voima. 20 December 2020. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
110. "TVO - Electricity production at Olkiluoto 3 will resume next night". www.tvo.fi. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

External links

Media related to Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant at Wikimedia Commons

• Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland
• European Pressurised Reactor at Olkiluoto 3, Finland – Brief Interim Review of the Porosity and Durability Properties of the In Situ Cast Concrete at the Olkiluoto EPR Construction Reactor at Olkiluoto 3, Finland – Review of the Finnish Radiation Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) Assessment, R3123-A2, July 2005
• Reactor at Olkiluoto 3, Finland – Review of the Finnish Radiation Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) Assessment, R3123-A2, July 2005
• Status of Nuclear Power in Finland.

• Finland
• Energy
• Nuclear technology

• Nuclear power stations in Finland
• Radioactive waste repositories
• Nuclear power stations using boiling water reactors
• Nuclear power stations using pressurized water reactors
• Nuclear power stations with proposed reactors
• Nuclear power stations using EPR reactors
• Eurajoki
• Buildings and structures in Satakunta