Opus Sanctorum Angelorum (English: "Work of the Holy Angels"), more commonly known as Opus Angelorum (English: "Work of the Angels"; German: "Engelwerk"), is a movement within the Catholic Church that promotes devotion to angels, based on the alleged private revelations of Mrs Gabriele Bitterlich de.
The Holy See recognized it in 2010 as in full conformity with the Church's teaching, after a period in which controversy about it led to it being placed in 1992 under the oversight of a Dominican priest.
It spreads devotion to the Holy Angels among the faithful, exhorts them to pray for priests, and promotes love for Christ in his Passion and union with it.
It is active particularly in Austria, where it originated, and in Germany, but also in Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, India, the Philippines, Italy and the United States.
Between 1998 and 2020 the number of members has decreased from about a million persons (including about 50 bishops and some cardinals) to some thousands worldwide.
The movement is now under the overall direction of the Order of Canons Regular of the Holy Cross, who have about 125 members, living in 12 communities in 10 countries (Austria, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, India, the Philippines, United States).
In canon law, the movement is classified as an association of the Christian faithful, and includes, as well as individual members, lay, religious and priests, two religious institutes, the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross and the Sisters of the Cross.
Membership
Phases of admission
Members of the movement are formally admitted in three phases:
- 1. The Promise
In the presence of a priest, each prospective member makes a promise to God and the person's guardian angel to love the angel and respond to the angel's instructions given through the person's conscience. Then, during this preliminary year, the future member endeavours to listen to the angel's voice.
- 2. Consecration to one's angel guardian
In a candle-lit ceremony before the Blessed Sacrament members consecrate themselves to their individual guardian angels, undertaking to become like angels and to venerate them and asking their guardian angels to obtain for them a strong love that will inflame them. Membership begins with acceptance of this consecration by a priest in the name of the Church.
- 3. Consecration to all the angels
In a similar ceremony members consecrate themselves to the angelic kingdom, thus enabling them "to live in sacred communion with all things" and bringing to life the individual's "unmanifest creative potential".
Number of members
Between 1998 and 2020 the number of members has decreased from about a million persons (including about 50 bishops and some cardinals) to some thousands worldwide.
History
The movement was founded by a group of priests and seminarians in Innsbruck, Austria in 1949. It drew inspiration from accounts that, from 1949 to her death, Gabriele Bitterlich (1896-1978) gave of private revelations that she claimed to have received.
In 1961, the Bishop of Innsbruck established the canonical Confraternity of the Guardian Angels. Other associations followed, including a priestly sodality and in the following two decades the movement spread to many places in the world.
Controversy
In her many writings, Mrs Bitterlich also proposed some novel theories about the functions, groupings and personal names of angels and demons and about an on-going "spiritual warfare" between the two. These theories and the practices based on them gave rise to controversy and on 1 December 1977 Cardinal Joseph Höffner, Archbishop of Cologne, brought them to the attention of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which began to study them shortly after Mrs Bitterlich's death in the following year.
The Congregation carried out the requested investigation and responded on 24 September 1983 with a letter, known by its incipit, Litteris diei, which laid down:
- In fostering devotion to the Holy Angels, Opus Angelorum must respect the teaching of the Church and of the Holy Fathers and Doctors. In particular, it is not to spread a form of devotion to the Angels using the "names" derived from the alleged private revelation attributed to Mrs Gabriele Bitterlich, nor may it use those names in any prayers of the community.
- Opus Angelorum is not to demand or even propose to its members what is called the Promise of Secrecy, although with regard to the internal affairs of the Opus Angelorum, it is lawful to maintain the discretion that befits members of the Church's institutes.
- The Opus Angelorum and its members will strictly observe the norms of the liturgy, especially regarding the Eucharist. This holds in particular for the so-called "Communion of expiation".
This was followed by a decree of 6 June 1992, which repeated the contents of the 1983 letter and, in view of incorrect interpretation and application of that letter, laid down the following rules:
- The theories originating from the alleged revelations of Mrs Gabriele Bitterlich concerning the world of the angels and their personal names, groupings and functions cannot be taught or in any way, whether explicitly or implicitly, be used in the organization and structure of the Opus Angelorum, such as its worship, prayers, spiritual formation, public or private spirituality, ministry and apostolate. The same rule holds for any other Church-approved institute or association.
- The various forms of acts of consecration to the angels used in the Opus Angelorum are prohibited.
- Also prohibited are the so-called distance administration of the sacraments and the insertion into the Eucharistic liturgy and the Liturgy of the Hours of texts, prayers and rites directly or indirectly related to the aforesaid theories.
- Exorcisms may be carried out only in line with the Church's norms and discipline on the matter, and with the use of formulas approved by the Church.
- A Delegate with special faculties, appointed by the Holy See, will in contact with the bishops oversee and promote the application of these norms. He will also clarify and determine the relations between the Opus Angelorum and the Order of the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross.
Approval
The Delegate chosen was the Dominican priest, Father Benoît Duroux, who in March 2010 handed over to another Dominican priest, Father Daniel Ols.
On 31 May 2000, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith approved a revised form of the movement's Act of Consecration to the Angels.
In 2002, the female institute of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, associated with but independent of the Canons Regular, was established in Innsbruck.
In the following year, 2003, the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life granted definitive approval to the Order of Canons Regular of the Holy Cross, a religious institute founded in 1131 and suppressed in 1834, which was refounded in 1977 and received the initial (provisional) formal approval (decretum laudis) of the Holy See in 1979. To it, in accordance with canons 677 §2 and 303 of the Code of Canon Law, the care of Opus Angelorum movement is committed.
On 7 November 2008, the same Congregation approved the statutes of Opus Angelorum as a public association of the faithful.
On 4 November 2010, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith declared: "Today, thanks to the obedience of its members, the Opus Angelorum can be considered to be living loyally and serenely in conformity with the doctrine of the Church and with canonical and liturgical law. Therefore, in its present state, the Opus Angelorum is a public association of the Church in conformity with traditional doctrine and with the directives of the Holy See."
Opposition
The tabloid German newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau published a disapproving article by Jörg Schindler on the Holy See's approval of the movement, claiming that Opus Angelorum believes "smooth-haired dogs, peasant women, gypsies and midwives are particularly susceptible to Satanic impulses, that demons love to take control in Jewish business neighbourhoods and that a long-standing apocalyptic fight between angels and the Evil One is going on."
Others interpreted the Holy See's statement approving the movement as instead a warning to beware of it. A possible example was the heading "Vatican warns of 'wayward' Opus Angelorum sect" given to a BBC news item the text of which stated that the warning was issued not against the Vatican-recognized movement but against some ex-members, who had either been expelled or who had left of their own accord, and who were endeavouring to form a rival "wayward movement" that would reject the norms issued by the Holy See.
Christian Lichtenstern, writing in June 2017, also said that opponents of the movement's conservatism call it a sect.
Under the heading, "Who really founded the Work of Angels (Opus Angelorum)?", someone using the log-in name Mariat recounted in the blog of the Augsburger Allgemeine newspaper the many expressions of distrust he had met with regarding the movement, expressions horrifying enough to raise goose pimples, while at the same time he mentioned that they did not fit in with what he knew of his parish priest, a member of the movement.
In 1990, journalist Heinz Gstrein, who is also an Orthodox theologian, wrote that the superior of a religious community in the Indian state of Kerala, who was sexually abusing members of his community, turned to the movement for advice and aid. They undertook not to make his lose his position or suffer any other loss and performed an exorcism on him to combat "the demons of homosexuality Dragon, Varina und Selithareth" (names in Mrs Bitterlich's writings about angels and demons). Afterwards he committed a lust murder. Homosexual acts were illegal in India until 2018 (see Homosexuality in India) and Gstrein points out that concealing a design to commit an offence is punishable under Indian law.
In Germany, the Initiative of Families damaged by Opus Angelorum (Initiative engelwerkgeschädigter Familien) was founded in 1990.
The exorcism using Mrs Bitterlich's demon names in violation of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's 1982 prohibition of use of "the 'names' derived from the alleged private revelation attributed to Mrs Gabriele Bitterlich" may have been one of the reasons for enacting the Congregation's more detailed 1992 rules against the use in the movement's "ministry and apostolate" of "the theories originating from the alleged revelations of Mrs Gabriele Bitterlich concerning the world of the angels and their personal names, groupings and functions", and its ruling, "Exorcisms may be carried out only in line with the Church's norms and discipline on the matter, and with the use of formulas approved by the Church."
In 1993, the Brazilian priest Frederico Cunha was found guilty in Madeira of the murder of a 15-year-old who resisted his homosexual advances and was imprisoned. He maintained his innocence both then and later. In April 1998 he absconded to Brazil, from where he, as a Brazilian, could not be extradited to Portugal, but could have been subjected to a new trial, if the Portuguese government had requested it. The prison term to which he was condemned expired on 8 April 2018. According to Portuguese and Austrian media, Cunha was a Canon Regular of the Holy Cross. By his own account and that of the Diocese of Funchal, he was incardinated in that diocese.
See also
References
- ^ Holdren, Alan. "Controversial angels' order given Vatican OK", Catholic News Agency, 5 November 2010
- Introvigne, Massimo. (1999). The Labelling of Certain Catholic and "Fringe Catholic" Movements as Cults. Center for Studies on New Religions
- ^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "Circular Letter to the Presidents of the Episcopal conferences Regarding the Association Opus Angelorum, 2 October 2010
- ^ Relinfo Switzerland, 1998 (see "Statistik"). Retrieved 1 January 2020
- ^ Relinfo Switzerland, 2020 (see "Statistik"). Retrieved 1 January 2020
- Opus Sanctorum Angelorum: About Us and Our Mission
- Order of the Canons Regular of the Holy Cross
- Canons Regular of the Holy Cross: Our Communities
- Code of Canon Law, canons 298–329
- Rosemary Ellen Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Angels (Visionary Living, Inc., 2004), p. 103
- Membership in Opus Sanctorum Angelorum
- ^ "Opus Angelorum", L'Osservatore Romano (English edition), 23 March 2011
- Opera dei Santi Angeli: La nostra storia
- Decree Litteris diei of 6 June 1992 on the Teaching and Particular Usages of the Opus Angelorum Association
- History of the Order of the Holy Cross
- Order of Canons Regular of the Holy Cross (O.R.C.)
- "Storia dell'Opera dei Santi Angeli". Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- Jörg Schindler: Zurück im Schoß der Kirche., 10 October 2010
- Christian Lichtenstern, "Ingo Dollinger ist tot" in Augsburger Allgemeine, 16 June 2017
- Mariat: "Wer hat das 'Engelwerk' (Opus Angelorum) wirklich gegründet?" in the Augsburger Allgemeine, 1 June 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2018 from archive.org
- Facebook: Heinz Gstrein
- Roman Hanig, "Die dämonische Hierarchie des Engelwerks" in Münchener Theologische Zeitschrift 49,3 (1998)
- Heinz Gstrein: Engelwerk oder Teufelsmacht? Edition Tau, Mattersburg-Katzelsdorf (Austria) 1990, ISBN 3-900977-07-0, p. 170.
- Martin Haidinger; Heiner Boberski; Peter Gnaiger; Thomas Schaller; Robert Weichinger (2005). Mächtig - Männlich - Mysteriös: Geheimbünde in Österreich. Ecowin Verlag. p. 157. ISBN 978-3-7110-5033-5.
- Barbara Hans: Katholische Sekte Engelwerk: "Die haben unsere Tochter kaputtgemacht." Der Spiegel, 14 October 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2021
- Initiative engelwerkgeschädigter Familien (official web site, German). Retrieved 16 March 2021
- ^ Manuel Catarino, "Os pecados mortais do padre Frederico" in Correio da Manhã, 6 May 2006. Archived 12 December 2013, retrieved 23 October 2018
- ^ Carlos Diogo Santos, "A nova vida do padre Frederico" in Sol, 24 July 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2019]
- Renata Giraldi, Isabel Clemente: "Padre preso em Portugal foge para o Brasil" in Folha de S. Paulo, 10 April 1998. Retrieved 23 October 2018
- Miguel Fernandes Luís: "Padre Frederico escapa ao castigo" in Diário de Notícias, 4 March 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018
- César Príncipe: Ementas do Paraíso: uma cruzada contra os infiéis do fast-food. Campo das Letras, Porto 2004, page 269
- Walter Axtmann: Engelwerk: Mord auf Madeira. In: Kirche intern, May 1995, pages 41–42.
External links
- Website of the headquarters of the Opus Sanctorum Angelorum
- Circular Letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 2 October 2010
- Opus Sanctorum Angelorum
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