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Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research

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Iranian research institute Not to be confused with Self Powered Neutron Detector (SPND).

The Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research or S.P.N.D. (Persian: سازمان پژوهش‌های نوین دفاعی, transliterated Sazman-e Pazhouheshhaye Novin-e Defa’i and abbreviated سازمان سپند) is a research and development agency of the Iran's Ministry of Defence responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. According to Iranian medias, it is the Iranian counterpart of the American DARPA. The organization was reportedly established and led by Mohsen Fakhrizadeh until his assassination outside Tehran on November 26, 2020.

According to the Israeli officials, later backed up by American intelligence officials, it was tasked with the research and development of nuclear weapons, and took over some of the activities of the AMAD Project. It has been sanctioned by the United States Department of State and United States Department of the Treasury. According to the US, it was established in 2011.

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the organization developed Iran's first COVID-19 testing kits and also FAKHRAVAC, a COVID-19 vaccine.

References

  1. Gambrell, Jon (2020-11-27). "Iran scientist linked to military nuclear program killed". ABC News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  2. ^ "دانشمندی پرافتخار اما گمنام که اشبه‌الناس به شهید چمران و طهرانی مقدم بود/ رییس اولین DARPA جهان اسلام عاشق فلسفه و حافظ +عکس". مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  3. "Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research". Iran Watch. 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  4. "خبرگزاری فارس - سرخط فارس| شهید فخری زاده را بیشتر بشناسید". خبرگزاری فارس. 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
  5. "Iranian nuclear scientist gunned down, news agency reports". Los Angeles Times. 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  6. "Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, head of Iran nuclear program, assassinated". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  7. ^ "Additional Sanctions Imposed by the Department of State Targeting Iranian Proliferators". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  8. Brunnstrom, Lesley Wroughton, David (2019-03-22). "U.S. sanctions Iran's nuclear research unit, urges Tehran to negotiate". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-11-27.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. "U.S. Government Sanctions Organizations and Individuals in Connection with an Iranian Defense Entity Linked to Iran's Previous Nuclear Weapons Effort | U.S. Department of the Treasury". home.treasury.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  10. Motamedi M (16 March 2021). "Iran starts human trials of its third domestic COVID vaccine". Al Jazeera.


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