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Wallace Fard Muhammad appeared in Detroit in 1930, where he founded a new religious movement that came to be called the Nation of Islam. Both his origin and fate are uncertain.

Nation of Islam tradition holds that Fard was born in Mecca, while scholars have considered a wide variety of possible origins and backgrounds. In the 1960s, the FBI identified Fard as "Wallie Dodd Ford", a Los Angeles restauranteur who had spent three years in prison in California for the sale of a narcotic; The Nation of Islam disputes the identification, while most scholars accept it.

Fard disappeared in 1934. Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad maintained that Fard had been deported, while others speculated that Fard may have died by foul play or due to complications from his diabetes.

Theories of origin

Fard was traditionally held by the Nation of Islam to be an Arab from Mecca. Many scholars argue that Fard may have had been from the Indian subcontinent (India-Pakistan, Afghanistan). Some claim he was a white man, perhaps from New Zealand. Others speculate he was a Turk. Less popular theories of origin suggest he may have been Syrian, Moroccan, Greek, Bosnian, Albanian, African-American, or Jewish.

Indian subcontinent

Karl Evanzz, in his book The Messenger, postulates that Fard was the son of a Pakistani Muslim, then known as East Indians. He bases this theory on several indications:

1. Fard spent time at the Ahmadiyya Mosque, a movement prominent in Pakistan and used translations of the Quran from Pakistanis.
2. The name Fard is a common surname in Pakistan, as are other names that he bestowed upon his followers, such as Shabazz, Ghulam, and Kallatt.
3. Interviews with long-time Nation figures who met him or saw original photos of him, such as Ozier Muhammad, Rodnell Collins (nephew of Malcolm X) and Wilfred Little, indicate that Fard had Pakistani features.
4. Early teachings from Fard indicated a distrust and disdain for Hinduism.

The 2017 book Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. Fard by A. K. Arian studies the origin of the Nation of Islam founder. One theory postulated is that Fard was of Afghan heritage. The 2019 book Finding W.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam investigates a variety of theories about Fard's ethnic and religious origins, writing: "The people who actually met him, and the scholars who have studied him, have suggested that he was variously an African American, an Arab from Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, Morocco or Saudi Arabia ... a Turk, an Afghan, an Indo-Pakistani ... a Greek ... In an attempt to determine the origins of W.D. Fard, most scholars have relied on his teachings as passed down, and perhaps modified, by Elijah Muhammad. Some have suggested that he was a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America or the Ahmadiyyah Movement. Others have suggested that he was a Druze or a Shiite." Morrow suggests that a background of Ghulat or extremist Shia Islam best fits with what is known of Fard.

Morrow argues Farad most likely was connected to "the region of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Balochistan".

Fard before California

Efforts to trace the origins and life story of Fard have been extensive but have yielded only inconclusive fragmentary results, and not even his date of death is known; further complicating any efforts is the fact that only an inconclusive handful of pictures of Fard are known to exist, including four mugshots taken after various arrests and one being the official portrait by the Nation of Islam. Additionally, Fard is alleged to have used up to 58 different aliases during his life.

In the 1960s, authors Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy speculated that Fard may have been an African-American from the U.S. South. Karl Evanzz of The Washington Post submitted a Freedom of Information Act request to the FBI in 1978 requesting its file on Fard. Evanzz based his account of Fard's life on the declassified portion of the FBI file that he received about a decade after his request. Evanzz detailed the experience of several other authors who also based their accounts of Fard's life on the FBI file.

Multiple scholars have suggested that Master Fard's teaching of the Tribe of Shabazz may have been tied to the Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan, Pakistan.

Potential link to Khan family

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Arian has asserted that W.D. Fard was the person known as Alam Khan. Morrow argues "we know, for a fact, that the man known as Alam Khan and Khanialam Khan used the name Fred Dadd as early as 1904".

A 1904 manifest stated that Johnges Khan, Rahim Ullah, Drabas Khan, Hamif Ulla, Khanialam Khan and Sher Khan, from British India, were traveling aboard the SS Tremont to join their brother in Tacoma. A 1904 manifest listed Johnges and Sher Khan as rejoining their mother Sar Bulano of 717 Riverside Ave in Spokane, corroborated by Sher Khan's record of landing. In 1907, a directory listed Jongie, Kaliaham, and Zendad Khan as tamale manufacturers who were living together at 36 McBroom Ave in Spokane. In 1910, Sher Khan was listed in the census as a Persian residing in Portland. Jangger Khan died on August 6, 1910, in Butte, Montana, where he had been a tamale vendor. In 1911, Sher Khan of Portland applied for citizenship, reporting a birthplace in Balochistan. On February 23, 1917, press reported a court had denied Sher Khan's application for citizenship on the ground that his stated birthplace, Balochistan, was "not of the white race". Sher Khan's World War draft registration listed him as residing in Eugene, Oregon, working as a tamale maker. He listed his nearest relative as Fardes Khan of Balochistan, Afghanistan. In 1921, the marriage certificate of Joe Mobine Khan lists his birthplace as Afghanistan, his father as Madie Khan and his mother as Mary Gee.

In 1930, Sher Khan was listed in the census, identified as Persian, and reported the ability to speak Arabic. In World War II, Sher Khan listed his place of birth as Karamel, Balochistan. He died on December 22, 1966.

Fred Walldad, Eugene tamale vendor

On March 23, 1908, papers announced that Turkish tamale vendor Fred Walldad had received a small house on wheels. On September 8, 1908, Eugene newspapers announced a new lunchcart that would be opening adjacent to the cart owned by Fred the Turk. Four days later, press reported that Fred had been ordered to move his hot-tamale cart to a new location. By September 15, it was reported that Fred the Turk had to abandon his cart due to the order and was now operating out of the back of a cigar store. On September 18, "Fred the Greek", tamale vendor, was reported to have paid a license fee, and it was announced that his stand would resume operation at a new location.

In October, newspapers announced that Fred the Turk was traveling to Portland for a visit. On November 3, newspapers reported on a "Halloween prank" in which local boys took the wheels off Fred the Turk's tamale wagon and dropped it, breaking Fred's dishes and eggs, as well as injuring Fred himself; the wheel was stolen. On December 7, newspapers reported on Fred's petition to have his cart operating during the day as well as at night.

On February 3, 1909, newspapers reported that Fred the Turk had sold his lunchwagon and gone to Cottage Grove, Oregon, where he had leased a restaurant and lodging house.

On May 26, 1909, Wali Fred Dad, restaurateur of Eugene, applied for citizenship in the United States; he reported being a white man born in Hong Kong, China on February 14, 1882, who arrived in San Francisco in January 1904. In the document, he renounced allegiance to King Alphonso XII of Spain. The next day, Eugene newspapers reported that Fred Mali Dad, a Spaniard, had filed citizenship papers.

Fred Dodd/Dadd, Salem tamale vendor

From the FBI's response to the Freedom of Information Act request, Evanzz claimed that Fard was Fred Dodd, an Oregonian tamale vendor. A 1905 directory lists Fred Dadd as tamale vendor in Salem, as does the 1911 directory.

On July 28, 1912, newspapers reported that a house occupied by lunchwagon operator Fred Dadd had caught fire.

On August 9, 1912, the Salem, Oregon newspapers reported on Fred Dadd, local tamale vendor and naturalized American originally from New Zealand, attending his first baseball game. On April 8, 1913, the Salem, Oregon city council reported unfavorably on Dodd's request to sell fruit without acquiring an additional license. On April 29, Dodd penned an announcement in the newspaper, complaining about police harassment for fruit sales. In June, it was reported that Dodd's complaint of police harassment would be investigated by the police committee. After the committee reported and the report was adopted, the mayor instructed the chief of police to allow Dodd to sell his wares.

In September 1913, Dodd filed a criminal complaint alleging that Frank Day had embezzled funds from him; Day was fined $25 and given a suspended sentence.

On March 5, 1914, Dodd was arrested for allegedly inducing Laura E. Swanson to leave her spouse for him; he was released on $1,000 bond. A March 23 report cited Dodd's charge as "assaulting a married woman". On April 21, a jury acquitted Dodd. The Capital Journal explained the verdict by saying "It was brought out in the cross examination of the complaining witness that there was another person in the house at the time of the alleged assault and that she did not cry for help as a person in her circumstances would be aroused."

On May 9, 1914, Dodd married Pearl Allen in Multnomah County, Oregon. However, by August 30, newspapers reported on divorce proceedings between the two. On November 14, 1914, Fred Dodd was arrested for larceny after allegedly stealing from his wife Pearl, whom he was suing for divorce. Their divorce was announced on December 27. Pearl gave birth to a son the following year. A 2024 DNA test may suggest that this son was not biologically descended from Dodd.

On November 22, 1915, local newspapers announced that Dodd planned a vacation to San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego, noting that it was his "first vacation in six years". Papers described him as "the genial Turkish lad" who planned to go travel to New Orleans, New York, and Chicago. On December 19, 1915, it was reported that Fred Dodd's night lunchwagon had been purchased at an attachment sale to satisfy a judgment of $132.07 held against Fred by a resident of Billings, Montana.

Wallie Dodd Ford, Los Angeles restaurateur

Dodd moved to Los Angeles, using the name Wallie Dodd Ford. A World War I draft registration card for Wallie Dodd Fard from 1917 indicated that he was living in Los Angeles, unmarried, as a restaurant owner, and reported that he was born in Shinka, Afghanistan, on February 26, 1893. He further reported that he was a resident alien and citizen of Afghanistan. He was described as being of medium height and build with brown eyes and black hair. On the draft card, "Ford" is written in parentheses in a different hand. At the bottom of the card, he signed his name as "Wallie Dodd Ford".

Ford was arrested by Los Angeles police on November 17, 1918, on a charge of assault with a deadly weapon.

As of 1920, Ford was still living in Los Angeles as 26-year-old Wallie D. Ford, with his 25-year-old wife, Hazel E. Ford. In the 1920 United States Census, his race was reported as white, his occupation as a proprietor of a restaurant, and his place of birth as New Zealand. He provided no known place of birth for his parents nor his date of immigration.

A marriage certificate dated June 5, 1924, was issued to Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Trevino (or Treviño) in Santa Ana, California. Ford reported that he was a cook, age 26, born in Oregon and living in Los Angeles. Trevino was a 22-year-old native of Mexico also living in Los Angeles. Both provided their race as "Spanish"; Ford claimed that his parents, "Zaradodd" and "Babbjie", were natives of Madrid, Spain.

Ford was arrested again on January 20, 1926, for violation of the California Woolwine Possession Act, and on February 15, 1926, for violation of the State Poison Act. After this second arrest, a Spanish-language paper in Los Angeles described him as a "street politician". Ford was a sentenced to six months to six years at San Quentin State Prison on June 12, 1926. According to San Quentin records, Wallie D. Ford was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 25, 1891, the white son of Zared and Beatrice Ford, who were both born in Hawaii. Ford was paroled from San Quentin on May 27, 1929.

In 1934, after Fard Muhammad had departed Detroit, Wallie Ford visited Hazel Barton, the mother of his child, in Los Angeles; she recalled him only eating one meal per day as part of his new lifestyle.

The Nation of Islam contests the claim that Wallace Fard Muhammad and Wallie Dodd Ford were the same person.

Fard potential link to Moorish Science Temple of America

In addition to his assertion that Fard was Ford, Evanzz also said that Fard was once a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America, citing as a primary source the 1945 publication by Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy titled They Seek A City. Authors have also cited E. U. Essien-Udom for this proposition as well. In his 1962 book Black Nationalism: The Search for an Identity, Essien-Udom wrote:

Noble Drew Ali was shot and stabbed in his offices at the Unity Club in Chicago on the night of March 15, 1929. … He was eventually released on bond, but a few weeks later, he died under mysterious circumstances. Some people claim that he died from injuries inflicted by the police while he was in jail. Others, however, suggest that he was killed by Greene's partisans. For some time, one W. D. Fard assumed leadership of the Moorish movement. According to Bontemps and Conroy, Fard claimed that he was the reincarnation of Noble Drew Ali. By 1930 a permanent split developed in the movement. One faction, the Moors, remains faithful to Noble Drew Ali, and the other, which is now led by Elijah Muhammad, remains faithful to Prophet Fard (Master Wallace Fard Muhammad). However, Minister Malcolm X and other leaders of the Nation of Islam have emphatically denied any past connection whatsoever of Elijah Muhammad, Master Wallace Fard Muhammad, or their movement with Nobel Drew Ali's Moorish American Science Temple.

On the question of a connection between the Nation of Islam and the Moorish Science Temple of America, Beynon wrote:

Awakened already to a consciousness of race discrimination, these migrants from the South came into contact with militant movements among northern Negroes. Practically none of them had been in the North prior to the collapse of the Marcus Garvey movement. A few of them had come under the influence of the Moorish-American cult which succeeded it. The effect of both these movements upon the future members of the Nation of Islam was largely indirect. Garvey taught the Negroes that their homeland was Ethiopia. The Noble Drew Ali, the prophet of the Moorish-Americans, proclaimed that these people were 'descendants of Morrocans '.

Beynon further wrote: "The prophet's message was characterized by his ability to utilize to the fullest measure the environment of his followers. Their physical and economic difficulties alike were used to illustrate the new teaching. Similarly, biblical prophecies and the teachings of Marcus Garvey and Noble Drew Ali were cited as foretelling the coming of the new prophet." Bowen rejects claims that Fard was a member of the MSTA as unsubstantiated.

FBI's public claims about Fard

A declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) memorandum dated May 16, 1957, states: "From a review of instant file it does not appear that there has been a concerted effort to locate and fully identify W. D. Fard. In as much as Elijah Muhammad recognizes W.D. Fard as being Allah (God) and claims that Fard is the source of all of his teachings, it is suggested that an exhaustive effort be made to fully identify and locate W. D. Fard and/or members of his family." The FBI took note of the article written by Erdmann Doane Beynon, and it conducted a search for Fard using various aliases including the name "Ford". On October 17, 1957, the FBI located and interviewed Hazel Barton-Ford, Wallie Ford's common-law wife, with whom he had a son named Wallace Dodd Ford, born on September 1, 1920. This son, later also known as Wallace Max Ford, died in 1942. He was serving for the United States Coast Guard, during World War II, at the time of his death. Barton-Ford gave a description of Wallie Ford, and described him as a Caucasian New Zealander. The FBI's search for Fard was officially closed the following year on April 15, 1958. Immigration records did not match any of his aliases. His true identity remains unknown, but there is strong evidence that the Nation of Islam founder Wallace D. Fard was the same man as Wallace Dodd Ford, an inmate in San Quentin Prison. According to Patrick D. Bowen, a PhD candidate at the University of Denver's Iliff School of Theology, fingerprints and photographs taken from San Quentin Prison matched those of Fard taken during the 1930s in Detroit; furthermore, in San Quentin he almost certainly came in contact with African American Muslim preachers and converts also incarcerated there.

On August 15, 1959, the FBI sent a story to the Chicago New Crusader newspaper, stating that Fard was a "Turkish-born Nazi agent who worked for Hitler in World War II". According to the FBI story, Fard was a "Muslim from Turkey who had come to the United States in the early 1900s. He had met Muhammad in prison … where the two men plotted a confidence game in which followers were charged a fee to become Muslims."

After the story was published, Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X subsequently charged black media outlets, which reprinted the accusation in large numbers, with running the story without requesting a response from the Nation of Islam.

According to the FBI, Fard was linked to the Pacific Movement of the Eastern World, a pro-Japanese movement of African Americans which promoted the idea that the Empire of Japan was the champion of all non-white peoples, and to senior members of the Black Dragon Society, such as Satokata Takahashi and Ashima Takis. The FBI charged that Takahashi had been an influential presence in the Nation of Islam. He spoke as a guest at the NOI temples in Detroit and Chicago. A February 19, 1963, FBI memorandum states: "In connection with efforts to disrupt and curb growth of the NOI, extensive research has been conducted into various files maintained by this office. Among the files reviewed was that of Wallace Dodd Ford." Five months later, in July 1963, the FBI told the Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner that Fard was actually Wallace Dodd Ford. The paper published the story in an article titled "Black Muslim Founder Exposed As White." An FBI memorandum dated August 1963 states that the FBI had not been able to verify his birthdate or birthplace, and "he was last heard from in 1934."

Records purportedly related to Wallace Fard Muhammad

Notes

1. For example, it has been suggested that Wallace Fard of Jasper, Texas, who is listed as "mulatto" in the 1910 census, might be connected to Wallace Fard Muhammad of 1930s Detroit.

References

1. "History of Islam in Black America: Who is Master Fard Muhammad/Islam& Slavery Dr John Andrew Morrow". YouTube.
2. ^ Evanzz 2011, pp. 409–414, 18. Keys to the Kingdom. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
3. Arian, A.K. (April 4, 2017). Chameleon: The True Story of W.D. Fard (1 ed.). Xis Books. ISBN 978-0977911257.
4. Morrow 2019, pp. 1–35, Chapter 1: Issues of Origin. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
5. Morrow 2019, pp. 111–155, Chapter 3: Who Was W.D. Fard?. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
6. Kavanaugh, Kelli B. (March 5, 2003). Williams, Ron; Heron, W. Kim (eds.). "Mystery man". Detroit Metro Times. Detroit, Michigan, United States: Euclid Media Group, LLC. ISSN 0746-4045. OCLC 10024235. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
7. Evanzz 2011, p. 445, Appendices: A. Reported Aliases of the Messenger and of Wallace D. Ford. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
8. Anyplace But Here, cited by Morrow and by Bowen
9. Evanzz 2011, pp. XVI–XVII, Preface. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
10. Evanzz 2011, pp. 112–113. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
11. Morrow 2019, p. 59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
12. Morrow 2019. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
13. ^ Morrow 2019, p. 279. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
14. ^ Morrow 2019, p. 280. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
15. "Fred Walldad, the Turkish tamale vender..." The Eugene Guard. March 23, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
16. "Ed Small has built a portable building..." The Eugene Guard. September 8, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
17. "Fred, the Turk, has moved his lunch counter..." The Eugene Guard. September 12, 1908. p. 12. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
18. "Moved His Tamale Stand". Morning Register. September 12, 1908. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
19. "Fred, the Turk, had to abandon his tamale wagon..." The Eugene Guard. September 15, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
20. "Paid His License". Morning Register. September 18, 1908. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
21. "Fred, the Turk who runs the hot tamale stand..." Morning Register. 27 October 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via newspapers.com.
22. "Hallowe'en Pranks". Morning Register. November 3, 1908. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
23. "The petition of Fred the Turk..." Morning Register. 7 December 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
24. "Fred, The Turk, Sells Out". Morning Register. February 3, 1909. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
25. "Fred Mali Dad, a Spaniard, yesterday afternoon..." The Eugene Guard. May 27, 1909. p. 8. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
26. Morrow 2019, p. 232. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2019 (help)
27. Ancestry (subscription required)
28. Ancestry (subscription required)
29. "MIDNIGHT BLAZE ON HIGH STREET". Statesman Journal. July 28, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
30. "FOREIGNER LEARNS AMERICAN GAME". Statesman Journal. August 9, 1912. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
31. "An unfavorable report was made last night..." The Capital Journal. April 8, 1913. p. 8. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
32. "Fred Dodd Complains". The Capital Journal. April 29, 1913. p. 4. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
33. "Says Police Bother Him". The Capital Journal. June 17, 1913. p. 3. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
34. "The police committee reported on the petition..." The Capital Journal. June 24, 1913. p. 3. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
35. "Fact That Day Failed to Settle With Dodd Before Leaving City Does Not Make Him Criminal". The Capital Journal. September 12, 1913. p. 8. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
36. "DODD WILL HAVE HEARING FRIDAY ON STATUTORY CHARGE". The Capital Journal. March 5, 1914. p. 4. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
37. "Fred Dodd Is Indicted on Charge of Attacking Woman". The Capital Journal. March 23, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
38. "Tamale Man Acquitted". Statesman Journal. April 22, 1914. p. 5. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via newspapers.com.
39. "FRED DODD HELD NOT GUILTY OF ASSAULT". The Capital Journal. April 22, 1914. p. 6. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
40. "Dodd Files Motion". Statesman Journal. August 30, 1914. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
41. ^ "Arrested for Larceny". Statesman Journal. November 14, 1914. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
42. "Dodd Gets Divorce". Statesman Journal. December 27, 1914. p. 5. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
43. Evanzz 2011, p. 399, 18. Keys to the Kingdom. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
44. Gibson 2012, pp. 24–25 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGibson2012 (help)
45. Muhammad, Bilal (January 14, 2024). "Did W.D. Fard have a son with Pearl Allen? A century old mystery solved". Berkeley Institute for Islamic Studies. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
46. "FRED ON HIS VACATION". Statesman Journal. November 23, 1915. p. 4. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
47. ""Fred's" Night Lunch Brought by Councilman Macy at Forced Sale". Statesman Journal. December 19, 1915. p. 4. Retrieved August 10, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
48. ^ Bowen, Patrick D. (March 21, 2013). "'The Colored Genius': Lucius Lehman and the Californian Roots of Modern African-American Islam". The Graduate Journal of Harvard Divinity School. Boston, Massachusetts, United States: Harvard University. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
49. "FamilySearch.org". FamilySearch.
50. ^ U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). FBI Documents on Wallace Fard Muhammad.
51. 1920 Federal U.S. Census, Los Angeles City, Enumeration District 206, Sheet 10B
52. California State Board of Health, County of Orange, Certificate of Marriage, Local Registered No. 1768, as located in "California, County Marriages, 1850–1952", index and images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/K8FM-5FP: accessed January 5, 2013), Wallie Dodd Ford and Carmen Frevino, 1924.
53. "Fueron Confiscados $5,000.00 Valor de Drogas Heroicas", Heraldo de Mexico, February 17, 1926, 8., cited by Bowen
54. FBI File SAC (100-43165-16)
55. FBI report CG 100-3386, p. 2. "FBI report CG 100-3386", FBI Records: The Vault; retrieved October 14, 2015.
56. Bowen 2017, p. 250. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowen2017 (help)
57. Muhammad, Dr. Wesley (September 12, 2018). "The U.S. Government's targeting of the Nation of Islam". Nation of Islam. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
58. Evanzz 2011, p. 69, 3. Paradise Lost. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
59. Evanzz 2011, p. 673, Index. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
60. Bontemps & Conroy 1945 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBontempsConroy1945 (help)
61. Essien-Udom 1995, p. 35 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEssien-Udom1995 (help)
62. Essien-Udom 1995, pp. 35–36 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEssien-Udom1995 (help)
63. Beynon 1938, p. 898 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBeynon1938 (help)
64. FBI File SAC (25-20607) at 476
65. FBI File SAC (100-26356) at 451–473, SAC Chicago (100-33683)
66. ^ FBI File SAC LA (105–4805) at 135
67. "FBI document". fbi.gov. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
68. FBI File Director FBI (105-63642) at 248, SAC Chicago (100-33683)
69. "Wallace Fard Muhammed Part 2 of 7". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
70. ^ Evanzz 2011, pp. 204–205, 10. Compromised. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
71. Evanzz 2011, pp. 105–108, 5. Bitter Fruit. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
72. Allen Jr., Ernest (December 21, 1994). Chude-Sokei, Louis (ed.). "When Japan Was "Champion of the Darker Races": Satokata Takahashi and the Flowering of Black Messianic Nationalism" (PDF). The Black Scholar. 24 (1). San Francisco, California, United States: Boston University/Routledge: 23–46. doi:10.1080/00064246.1994.11413118. ISSN 0006-4246 – via Scribd.
73. FBI File Director, FBI (25-330971) at 258, SAC Chicago (100-35635)
74. Evanzz 2011, p. 264, 12. Sons and Lovers. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvanzz2011 (help)
75. "Black Muslim Founder Exposed As White", Los Angeles Evening Herald-Examiner, July 28, 1963
76. FBI File SAC (25-330971-26)
77. Bowen 2017, p. 247. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowen2017 (help)

• 1930s missing person cases
• Nation of Islam