Misplaced Pages

Xbox

Xbox console with the "Xbox Controller"
Developer	Microsoft
Manufacturer	Flextronics, Wistron
Product family	Xbox
Type	Home video game console
Generation	Sixth
Release date	NA: November 15, 2001 JP: February 22, 2002 PAL: March 14, 2002
Introductory price	US$299 (equivalent to $510 in 2023) £299 (equivalent to £610 in 2023) €479
Discontinued	JP: 2005 WW: 2006
Units sold	24 million+ (as of May 10, 2006)
Media	DVD, CD, digital distribution
Operating system	Windows NT-based Xbox system software
CPU	Custom 733 MHz Intel Pentium III "Coppermine-based" processor
Memory	64 MB of DDR SDRAM @ 200 MHz
Storage	8 or 10 GB internal hard drive (formatted to 8 GB with allotted system reserve and MS Dash), 8 MB memory card
Graphics	Nvidia GeForce 3-based NV2A GPU @ 233 MHz
Controller input	4 × Xbox controller ports (proprietary USB interface; wireless controllers not supported directly—third-party wireless controllers require a wired base unit)
Connectivity	100 Mbit Ethernet
Online services	Xbox Live
Best-selling game	Halo 2, 8.46 million (as of November 2008)
Successor	Xbox 360

The Xbox is a home video game console manufactured by Microsoft that is the first installment in the Xbox series of video game consoles. It was released as Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market on November 15, 2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It is classified as a sixth-generation console, competing with Sony's PlayStation 2, Sega's Dreamcast and Nintendo's GameCube. It was also the first major console produced by an American company since the release of the Atari Jaguar in 1993.

The console was announced in March 2000. With the release of the PlayStation 2, which featured the ability to playback CD-ROMs and DVDs in addition to playing games, Microsoft became concerned that game consoles would threaten the personal computer as an entertainment device for living rooms. Whereas most games consoles to that point were built from custom hardware components, the Xbox was built around standard personal computer components, using variations of Microsoft Windows and DirectX as its operating system to support games and media playback, and featuring a 733 MHz Intel Pentium III CPU and a 233 MHz Nvidia GeForce 3-based NV2A GPU, the latter two making the Xbox technically more powerful compared to its rivals. The Xbox was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk. The console also was built with direct support for broadband connectivity to the Internet via an integrated Ethernet port, and with the release of Xbox Live, a fee-based online gaming service, a year after the console's launch, Microsoft gained an early foothold in online gaming and made the Xbox a strong competitor in the sixth generation of consoles. The popularity of killer app blockbuster titles such as Bungie's Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming, and in particular first-person shooters.

The Xbox had a record-breaking launch in North America, selling 1.5 million units before the end of 2001, aided by the popularity of one of the system's launch titles, Halo: Combat Evolved, which sold a million units by April 2002. The system went on to sell a worldwide total of 24 million units, including 16 million in North America; however, Microsoft was unable to make a steady profit off the console, which had a manufacturing price far more expensive than its retail price, despite its popularity, losing over $4 billion during its market life. The system outsold the GameCube and the Sega Dreamcast, but was vastly outsold by the PlayStation 2, which had sold over 155 million units by the system's end of production. It also underperformed outside of the Western market; particularly, it sold poorly in Japan due to its large console size and an overabundance of games marketed towards American audiences instead of Japanese-developed titles. Production of the system was discontinued starting in 2005. The Xbox was the first in an ongoing brand of video game consoles developed by Microsoft, with a successor, the Xbox 360, launching in November 2005, followed by the Xbox One in 2013 and the Xbox Series X and Series S consoles in 2020.

History

Creation and development

Before the Xbox, Microsoft had found success publishing video games for its Windows PCs, releasing popular titles such as Microsoft Flight Simulator and the massively successful Age of Empires after the creation of DirectX, the application programming interface (API) that allowed for direct access of the computer hardware and bypassing Windows. However, the company had not entered the home console market of video games, which was dominated at the time by Sony's PlayStation. Sony was working on its next video game console, the PlayStation 2 (PS2), announced officially to the public on March 2, 1999, and intended for the system to act as a gateway for all types of home entertainment. Sony presented a vision where the console would ultimately replace the desktop computer in the home. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates saw the upcoming PS2 as a threat to Microsoft's line of Windows PCs, worrying that the all-encompassing system could eliminate consumer interests in PCs and drive them out of the market. With video games rapidly growing into a massive industry, Gates decided that Microsoft needed to venture into the console gaming market to compete with Sony. Previously, Sega had developed a version of Windows CE for its Dreamcast console to be used by game developers. Additionally, Gates had directly approached Sony CEO Nobuyuki Idei before the public announcement of the PS2 regarding letting Microsoft develop programming software for the console. However, the offer was declined by Idei in favor of having Sony create proprietary software. Microsoft had also attempted to meet with Hiroshi Yamauchi and Genyo Takeda of Nintendo to potentially acquire the company, but Nintendo declined to go further.

In 1998, four engineers from Microsoft's DirectX team—Kevin Bachus, Seamus Blackley, Ted Hase and DirectX team leader Otto Berkes—began discussing ideas for a new console which would run off Microsoft's DirectX technology. Nat Brown, the Windows Software Architect at Microsoft, would also become a regular contributor to the project after meeting Hase in November 1998. The project was codenamed "Midway," in reference to the Battle of Midway during World War II in which Japan was decisively defeated by American forces, as a representation of Microsoft's desire to surpass Sony in the console market. The DirectX team held their first development meeting on March 30, 1999, in which they discussed issues such as getting a PC to boot at a quicker pace than usual. The console would run off Windows 2000 using DirectX 8.1, which would allow PC developers to easily transition into making games for the console while also granting it a larger processing power than that of most other home consoles. According to Blackley, using PC technology as the foundation for a video game console would eliminate the technological barriers of most home consoles, allowing game creators to expand further on their own creativity without having to worry about hardware limitations.

The 4 DirectX team members encountered disagreements with the Silicon Valley engineering team behind WebTV, which joined Microsoft after they purchased the rights to the device. Microsoft executive Craig Mundie wanted the project to be led by the WebTV team, who believed the console should be built from the ground-up as an appliance running off Windows CE; however, the DirectX team were adamant about the idea of repurposing PC hardware components, such as a hard disk drive, arguing that they were cheaply manufactured and could easily be updated every year. The 4 developers gained the support of Ed Fries, the head of Microsoft's gaming division, who believed the use of a hard drive, in particular, would give the console a technical edge among competitors despite its high manufacturing cost. The two opposing teams pitched their arguments to Gates on May 5, 1999, at a meeting attended by over twenty different people. WebTV's team, among whom were Nick Baker, Dave Riola, Steve Perlman, and Tim Bucher, and their sponsor, Craig Mundie, made the case that creating an appliance would be far cheaper, highlighting that most consoles were generally sold at around $300. They also wanted to use a custom-made graphics chip, which could be shared across several different home devices. Conversely, Fries, vouching for the DirectX team, argued that using a PC hard drive would set Microsoft's console apart from competitors by allowing for the direct implementation of online access, an argument which Gates sided with. When Gates questioned if PC games could be effectively ported to the new console, Blackley explained that the machine would utilize DirectX hardware, meaning that they could be converted easily. Gates heavily favored this proposition over WebTV's, whose concept relied on Windows CE, a heavily stripped-down Windows variant that was not compatible with DirectX. As such, Gates sided with the DirectX concept and gave Berkes' team permission to create a new video game console. Despite this, WebTV would still play a part in the Xbox's initial launch.

Rick Thompson and Robert J. Bach were responsible for overseeing the Xbox's design. The DirectX team began constructing prototype consoles, purchasing several Dell computers and using their internal parts. Initially, it envisioned that after designing the console, Microsoft would have worked with a third-party computer manufacturer to mass-produce the units. However, the early work showed that this would need to be something that Microsoft would have to produce themselves, making the prospect a far more costly operation; the name "Coffin Box" became associated with the project as there were fears the project would end careers at Microsoft. Further, as a gaming console, they could not provide the direct Windows interface to users. While Thompson and Bach had warned Gates and Steve Ballmer about these large-scale changes from the initial proposal in late 1999, the matter came to a head at a February 14, 2000, meeting, informally referred to as the Valentine's Day Massacre, in which Gates furiously vented about the new cost proposal and massive changes in this console from what had been previously presented, since the Xbox appeared to marginalize Windows. However, after being reminded that this was a product to compete against Sony, Gates and Ballmer gave the project the go-ahead along with the necessary marketing budget. Another contentious point of design was the addition of Ethernet connectivity rather than simple support for dial-up networking. At this point, most consumer homes had access to Internet connectivity, but social networks had yet to be established which would later demonstrate the viability of this decision. The Xbox leads argued that with the planned Xbox Live functionality, the Ethernet port would help friends be able to play after they have graduated from schools and colleges and moved across the country.

Throughout the console's prototyping, Microsoft was working with AMD for the CPU on the system. According to Blackley, just prior to the system's reveal in January 2001, the Microsoft engineers opted to switch to an Intel CPU, a fact that had not yet been communicated to AMD prior to the reveal.

Among the names considered for the new console were a number of acronyms, including "Windows Entertainment Project" (WEP), "Microsoft Total Gaming" (MTG), "Microsoft Interactive Network Device" (MIND), and "Microsoft Interactive Center" (MIC). Also among the names considered was "DirectX Box", referring to the system's reliance on Direct X. At one point, Hase jokingly came up with the names "XXX-Box" and "DirectXXX-Box" as a nod to the system's higher volume of adult content compared to Sony or Nintendo's consoles. "DirectX Box" was quickly shortened to "Xbox" through an e-mail conversation, and was ultimately favored by the development team, though a number of spelling variants were tossed around, such as xBox, XboX, and X-box. Microsoft's marketing department did not like this name, suggesting "11-X" or "Eleven-X" as alternatives. During focus testing, the company put the name "Xbox" on the list of possible names simply to prove how unpopular the Xbox name would be with consumers. However, "Xbox" proved to be the more popular name on the list and was thus selected as the official name of the product.

When the physical design of the controller began, circuit boards for the controller had already been manufactured. Microsoft had asked Sony's supplier, Mitsumi Electric, for a similar folded and stacked circuit board design used in Sony's DualShock 2 controller, but the company refused to manufacture such a design for Microsoft. This led to the controller being bulky and nearly three times the size of Sony's controller. This initial controller design was never launched in Japan. The console instead launched with a smaller, redesigned version named "Controller S" that did use the more compact circuit board design.

As the development team began to tighten down the design of the Xbox, they got help from Flextronics not only in revising the design but in mass production, creating a factory in Guadalajara, Mexico, for this purpose. Early production units had a high failure rate of around 25%, which Flextronics repaired. Later iterations of the hardware design worked to eliminate these failures.

Initial announcement and content acquisitions

Gates first publicly mentioned the Xbox in an interview in late 1999, stating that he wanted the system "to be the platform of choice for the best and most creative game developers in the world". It was later announced officially by Gates in a keynote presentation at the Game Developers Conference in San Jose on March 10, 2000, showing off an early prototype build of the system and a series of demos showcasing its hardware. The presentation and the new system were well-received, impressing developers with both the hard drive and the Ethernet port and appealing to them with the notion of easy-to-use development tools.

Microsoft began looking at a series of acquisitions and partnerships to secure content for the console at this time. In early 2000, Sega's Dreamcast sales were diminishing, in part due to Electronic Arts' decision to bypass the console, and Sony's PlayStation 2 was just going on sale in Japan. Gates was in talks with Sega's late chairman Isao Okawa about the possibility of Xbox compatibility with Dreamcast games, but negotiations fell apart over whether the Dreamcast's SegaNet online service should be implemented. Microsoft also looked to acquire Electronic Arts, Nintendo, Square Enix, and Midway without success. The company did achieve success in convincing developers at Bethesda Game Studios and Tecmo about the power of the Xbox over the PS2, lining up The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind and Dead or Alive 3 as Xbox console-exclusives.

Around this same time, Microsoft announced it was rebranding its Games Group, which had been focused on developing games for Windows, to the Microsoft Games division to make titles for both Windows and the Xbox. Microsoft began acquiring a number of studios to add to the division, notably Bungie in June 2000, shortly after their announcement of Halo: Combat Evolved. With Microsoft's acquisition, Halo switched from being a release for personal computers to being an Xbox exclusive release and as a launch time to help drive sales of the console.

Formal announcement and release

The Xbox was officially unveiled to the public by Gates and guest professional wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson at CES 2001 in Las Vegas on January 3, 2001. Microsoft announced Xbox's release dates and prices at E3 2001 in May. Most Xbox launch titles were unveiled at E3, most notably Halo and Dead or Alive 3.

The unit's release in November 2001 was partially hampered by the impact of the September 11 attacks on travel, as Microsoft could not travel to the Guadalajara facility to help test units. They were able to arrange to ship the units locally instead of testing at Microsoft facilities to have them ready for launch.

The system was officially launched at midnight on November 15, 2001, three days before the subsequent launch of the Nintendo GameCube. A special event was held on the prior night as part of the grand opening of the flagship store of Toys 'R' Us at Times Square in New York City, in which 1,000 systems were shipped to the store to kick off sales. Bill Gates was present at the event, personally selling the first Xbox console and greeting people in line and playing games with them at the numerous display units present.

Promotion

In 2002, the Independent Television Commission (ITC) banned a television advertisement for the Xbox in the United Kingdom after complaints that it was "offensive, shocking and in bad taste." It depicted a mother giving birth to a baby boy, fired like a projectile through a window, aging rapidly as he flies through the air. The advertisement ends with an old man crash-landing into his own grave and the slogan, "Life is short. Play more."

Discontinuation and successors

The Xbox's successor, the Xbox 360, was officially announced on May 12, 2005 on MTV. It was the first next generation system to be announced. It was released in North America on November 22, 2005. Nvidia ceased production of the Xbox's GPU in August 2005, which marked the end of brand-new Xbox production. The last game for the Xbox in Japan was The King of Fighters Neowave released in March 2006, the last Xbox game in Europe was Xiaolin Showdown released in June 2007, and the last game in North America was Madden NFL 09 released in August 2008. Support for out-of-warranty Xbox consoles was discontinued on March 2, 2009. Support for Xbox Live on the console ended on April 15, 2010.

The Xbox 360 supports a limited number of the Xbox's game library if the player has an official Xbox 360 Hard Drive. Xbox games were added up until November 2007. Xbox game saves cannot be transferred to Xbox 360, and the ability to play Xbox games through Xbox LIVE has been discontinued since April 15, 2010. It is still possible to play Xbox games with System Link functionality online via both the original console and the Xbox 360 with tunneling software such as XLink Kai. It was announced at E3 2017 that the Xbox One would be gaining support for a limited number of the Xbox's game library.

Hardware

The Xbox was the first video game console to feature a built-in hard disk drive, used primarily for storing game saves and content downloaded from Xbox Live. This eliminated the need for separate memory cards (although some older consoles, such as the Amiga CD32, used internal flash memory, and others, such as the TurboGrafx-CD, Sega CD, and Sega Saturn, had featured built-in battery backup memory prior to 2001). An Xbox user could rip music from standard audio CDs to the hard drive, and these songs were used for the custom soundtracks in some games.

Unlike the PlayStation 2, which could play movie DVDs without the need for a remote control (although an optional remote was available), the Xbox required an external IR adapter to be plugged into a controller port in order to play movie DVDs. If DVD playback is attempted without the IR sensor plugged in, an error screen will pop up informing the user of the need for the Xbox DVD Playback Kit. The said kit included the IR sensor and a remote control (unlike the PS2, the Xbox controller could not control DVD playback). Said remote was manufactured by Thomson (which also manufactured optical drives for the console) and went on sale in late 2002, which meant a modified version of the remote design used by the RCA, GE and ProScan consumer electronics of the era was used for the Xbox remote, and therefore users wishing to use a universal remote were instructed to utilize RCA DVD remote codes.

The Xbox was the first console to feature Dolby Interactive Content-Encoding Technology, which enables real-time Dolby Digital encoding. Previous game consoles could only use Dolby Digital 5.1 during non-interactive "cut scene" playback.

The Xbox is based on commodity PC hardware and is much larger and heavier than its contemporaries. This is largely due to a bulky tray-loading DVD-ROM drive and the standard-size 3.5-inch hard drive. The Xbox has also pioneered safety features, such as breakaway cables for the controllers to prevent the console from being pulled from the surface upon which it rests.

Several internal hardware revisions have been made in an ongoing battle to discourage modding (hackers continually updated modchip designs in an attempt to defeat them), to cut manufacturing costs, and to make the DVD-ROM drive more reliable (some of the early units' drives gave disc-reading errors due to the unreliable Thomson DVD-ROM drives used). Later-generation units that used the Thomson TGM-600 DVD-ROM drives and the Philips VAD6011 DVD-ROM drives were still vulnerable to failure that, respectively, either rendered the consoles unable to read newer discs or caused them to halt the console with an error code usually indicating a PIO/DMA identification failure. These units were not covered under the extended warranty.

In 2002, Microsoft and Nvidia entered arbitration over a dispute on the pricing of Nvidia's chips for the Xbox. Nvidia's filing with the SEC indicated that Microsoft was seeking a $13 million discount on shipments for NVIDIA's fiscal year 2002. Microsoft alleged violations of the agreement the two companies entered, sought reduced chipset pricing, and sought to ensure that Nvidia fulfill Microsoft's chipset orders without limits on quantity. The matter was privately settled on February 6, 2003.

The Xbox includes a standard AV cable which provides composite video and monaural or stereo audio to TVs equipped with RCA inputs. European Xboxes also included an RCA jack to SCART converter block and the standard AV cable.

An 8 MB removable solid-state memory card can be plugged into the controllers, onto which game saves can either be copied from the hard drive when in the Xbox dashboard's memory manager or saved during a game. Most Xbox game saves can be copied to the memory unit and moved to another console, but some Xbox saves are digitally signed. It is also possible to save an Xbox Live account on a memory unit, to simplify its use on more than one Xbox. The ports at the top of the controllers could also be used for other accessories, primarily headsets for voice chat via Xbox Live.

Technical specifications

The Xbox CPU is a 32-bit 733 MHz, custom Intel Pentium III Coppermine-based processor. It has a 133 MHz 64-bit GTL+ front-side bus (FSB) with a 1.06 GB/s bandwidth. The system has 64 MB unified DDR SDRAM, with a 6.4 GB/s bandwidth, of which 1.06 GB/s is used by the CPU and 5.34 GB/s is shared by the rest of the system.

Its GPU is Nvidia's 233 MHz NV2A. It is capable of geometry calculations for up to a theoretical 115 million vertices/second. It has a peak fillrate of 932 megapixels/second, capable of rendering a theoretical 29 million 32-pixel triangles/second. With bandwidth limitations, it has a realistic fillrate of 250–700 megapixels/second, with Z-buffering, fogging, alpha blending, and texture mapping, giving it a real-world performance of 7.8–21 million 32-pixel triangles/second.

Controllers

The Xbox controller features two analog sticks, a pressure-sensitive directional pad, two analog triggers, a Back button, a Start button, two accessory slots and six 8-bit analog action buttons (A/Green, B/Red, X/Blue, Y/Yellow, and Black and White buttons). The standard Xbox controller (also nicknamed the "Fatty" and later, the "Duke") was originally the controller bundled with Xbox systems for all territories except Japan. The controller has been criticized for being bulky compared to other video game controllers; it was awarded "Blunder of the Year" by Game Informer in 2001, a Guinness World Record for the biggest controller in Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008, and was ranked the second-worst video game controller ever (behind the Atari Jaguar controller) by IGN editor Craig Harris.

The "Controller S" (codenamed "Akebono"), a smaller, lighter Xbox controller, was originally the standard Xbox controller only in Japan, designed for users with smaller hands. The "Controller S" was later released in other territories by popular demand and by 2002 replaced the standard controller in the Xbox's retail package, with the larger original controller remaining available as an accessory.

Software

Operating system

The Xbox runs a custom operating system which is based on a heavily modified version of Windows 2000. It exports APIs similar to those found in Microsoft Windows, such as Direct3D. Its source code was leaked in 2020.

The user interface for the Xbox is called the Xbox Dashboard. It features a media player that can be used to play music CDs, rip CDs to the Xbox's built-in hard drive and play music that has been ripped to the hard drive; it also lets users manage game saves, music, and downloaded content from Xbox Live, and lets Xbox Live users sign in, customize, and manage their account. The dashboard is only available when the user is not watching a movie or playing a game. It uses many shades of green and black for the user interface to be consistent with the physical Xbox color scheme. When the Xbox was released in 2001, the Live service was not online, so the dashboard's Live sections and the network settings sub-menu were not present yet.

Xbox Live was released in November 2002, but in order to access it, users had to buy the Xbox Live starter kit containing a headset and a subscription. While the Xbox was still being supported by Microsoft, the Xbox Dashboard was updated via Live several times to reduce cheating and add features.

Games

The Xbox launched in North America on November 15, 2001. Popular launch games included Halo: Combat Evolved, Project Gotham Racing, and Dead or Alive 3. All three of these games would go on to sell over a million copies in the US.

Although the console gained strong third-party support from its inception, many early Xbox games did not fully use its powerful hardware until a full year after its release. Xbox versions of cross-platform games sometimes came with a few additional features and/or graphical improvements to distinguish them from the PS2 and GameCube versions of the same game, thus negating one of the Xbox's main selling points. Sony countered the Xbox for a short time by temporarily securing PlayStation 2 exclusives for highly anticipated games such as the Grand Theft Auto series and the Metal Gear Solid series as well as Nintendo for the Resident Evil series. Notable third-party support came from Sega, who announced an 11-game exclusivity deal at Tokyo Game Show. Sega released exclusives such as Panzer Dragoon Orta and Jet Set Radio Future, which met with a strong reception among critics.

In 2002 and 2003, several high-profile releases helped the Xbox gain momentum and distinguish itself from the PS2. Microsoft purchased Rare, responsible for many Nintendo 64 hit games, to expand their first party portfolio. The Xbox Live online service was launched in late 2002 alongside pilot titles MotoGP, MechAssault and Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon. Several best-selling and critically acclaimed titles for the Xbox soon followed, such as Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. Take-Two Interactive's exclusivity deal with Sony was amended to allow Grand Theft Auto III and its sequels to be published for the Xbox. Many other publishers got into the trend of releasing the Xbox version alongside the PS2 version, instead of delaying it for months.

2004 saw the release of highly rated exclusives Fable and Ninja Gaiden: both games would become big hits for the Xbox. Later that year, Halo 2 was released and became the highest-grossing release in entertainment history, making over $125 million in its first day and became the best-selling Xbox game worldwide. Halo 2 became Xbox Live's third killer app after MechAssault & Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3. That year Microsoft made a deal to put Electronic Arts' popular titles on Xbox Live to boost the popularity of their service.

By 2005, despite notable first party releases in Conker: Live & Reloaded and Forza Motorsport, Microsoft began phasing out the Xbox in favor of their next console, the Xbox 360. Games such as Kameo: Elements of Power and Perfect Dark Zero, which were originally to be developed for the Xbox, became Xbox 360 launch titles instead. The last game released on the Xbox was Madden NFL 09, on August 12, 2008.

Exhibition discs

The Xbox Exhibition disc collection was a game demo compilation series from Microsoft Game Studios used to advertise and preview upcoming Xbox games, featuring several playable game demos, game trailers, video content from G4 TV, music videos, and music from indie artists that were downloadable to the Xbox's hard drive. These discs were distributed at retail over seven volumes from 2002 to 2005. The discs are credited as an early iteration of the downloadable content model, with content including additional levels, roster updates for sports games and expanded game types.

Discs

Services

On November 15, 2002, Microsoft launched its Xbox Live service, allowing subscribers to play online Xbox games with other subscribers around the world and download new content directly to the system's hard drive. The online service works only with a broadband Internet connection. In its first week of operation, Xbox Live received 100,000 subscriptions, and further grew to 250,000 subscribers within two months of the service's launch. In July 2004, Microsoft announced that Xbox Live had reached one million subscribers; in July 2005, membership reached two million, and by July 2007 there were more than three million subscribers. By May 2009, the number had ballooned to twenty million current subscribers. On February 5, 2010, it was reported that Xbox Live support for the original Xbox games would be discontinued as of April 14, 2010. Services were discontinued on schedule, but a group of users later known as the "Noble 14" continued to play for almost a month afterwards by simply leaving their consoles on connected to Halo 2.

Sales

Prior to launching, anticipation for the Xbox was high, with Toys 'R' Us and Amazon reporting that online preorders had sold out within just 30 minutes. Microsoft stated that it planned to ship 1–1.5 million units to retailers by the end of the year, followed by weekly shipments of 100,000 units. The launch was one of the most successful in video game history, with unit sales surpassing 1 million after just 3 weeks and rising further to 1.5 million by the end of 2001. The system also attained one of the highest-ever attachment rates at launch, with over 3 games selling per unit according to the NPD Group. Strong sales were tied in large part to the highly anticipated launch title, Halo: Combat Evolved, which had surpassed sales of 1 million units by April 2002 and attained a 50% attach rate for the console. In 2003, the console had knocked the GameCube down to third place in terms of market share. By July 2004, the system had sold 15.5 million units worldwide—10.1 million in North America, 3.9 million in Europe, and 1.5 million in Asia-Pacific—and had a 33% market share in the US.

Despite strong sales in North America, Microsoft struggled to make a profit from the Xbox due to its high manufacturing cost. With its initial retail price of $299, Microsoft lost about $125 for every system sold, which cost $425 to manufacture, meaning that the company would have to rely on software sales in order to make any money. According to Robbie Bach, "Probably six months after we shipped, you could see the price curve and do the math and know that we were going to lose billions of dollars." These losses were further exacerbated in April 2002, when Microsoft lowered the retail price of the Xbox even further to $199 in order to further driving hardware sales. Microsoft also struggled to compete with Sony's more popular PlayStation 2 console, which generally saw far higher sales numbers, although the Xbox outsold the PS2 in the U.S. in April 2004. By its manufacturing discontinuation in 2005, the Xbox had sold a total of 24 million units worldwide, 16 million of which had been sold in North America. These numbers fell short of Microsoft's predicted 50 million units, and failed to match the PlayStation 2's lifetime sales of 106 million units at the time, although it did surpass the GameCube and Dreamcast's lifetime sales of 21 million and 10.6 units, respectively, though the GameCube turned out to be more profitable than the Xbox. Ultimately, Microsoft lost an accumulative total of $4 billion from the Xbox, only managing to turn a profit at the end of 2004. While the Xbox represented an overall loss for Microsoft, Gates, Ballmer, and other executives still saw it as a positive result for the company as it brought them into the console marketplace against doubts raised by the industry, and led to Microsoft's further development of other consoles in the Xbox family.

Japan

Prior to its Japanese launch in February 2002, many analysts estimated that the Xbox would have trouble competing with the PS2 and the GameCube, its local counterparts in the region, noting its comparatively high price tag, lack of exclusives, and larger size which would not fit as well in Japan's smaller living spaces. Microsoft hoped to ship six million Japanese Xbox consoles by June 2002; however, the system had only sold a total of 190,000 units in the region by April of that year, two months after the system's launch in February. For the week ending April 14, 2002, the Xbox sold only 1,800 units, considerably less than the PS2 and GameCube, and failed to see a single title reach the top 50 best-selling video games in Japan. In November 2002, the Xbox chief in Japan stepped down, leading to further consultations about Xbox's future, which by that point had only sold 278,860 units in the country since its February launch. For the week ending July 18, 2004, the Xbox sold just 272 units, even fewer than the PSOne had sold in the same week. The Xbox did, however, outsell the GameCube for the week ending May 26, 2002. Ultimately, the Xbox had only sold 474,992 units in its lifetime. Factors believed to have contributed to the console's poor market presence included its large physical size, which contrasted the country's emphasis on more compact designs, and a lack of Japanese-developed games to aid consumer interest.

Modding

Xbox modding is the practice of circumventing the built-in hardware and software security mechanisms of the Xbox video game console.

History

The popularity of the Xbox, as well as (in the United States) its comparatively short 90-day warranty, inspired efforts to circumvent the built-in hardware and software security mechanisms, a practice known as "cracking". Within a few months of its release the initial layer of security on the Xbox BIOS (which relied heavily on obfuscation) was broken by MIT student Andrew Huang and the contents of the "hidden" boot ROM embedded on the MCPx chip were extracted using some custom built hardware. Once this information was available, the code was soon modified so that it would skip digital signature checks and media flags, allowing unsigned code, Xbox game backups, etc., to be run. Modding an Xbox in any manner will void its warranty, as it may require disassembly of the console. Having a modified Xbox may also disallow it from accessing Xbox Live, if detected by Microsoft, as it contravenes the Xbox Live Terms of Use, but most modchips can be disabled, allowing the Xbox to boot in a "stock" configuration.

Methods

• Modchip: installing a modchip inside the Xbox that bypasses the original BIOS, with a hacked BIOS to circumvent the security mechanisms.
• TSOP flashing: reflashing the onboard BIOS chip with a hacked BIOS to circumvent the security mechanisms. The Xbox BIOS is contained on a commodity EEPROM (the 'TSOP'), which can be made writable by the Xbox by bridging points on the motherboard. Flashing is usually carried out by using a specially crafted gamesave (see 'Game save exploit', below) to flash the onboard TSOP, but the TSOP can also be de-soldered and re-written in a standard EEPROM programmer. This method only works on 1.0 to 1.5 Xboxes, as version 1.6 (the final hardware version produced) replaced the commodity TSOP with an LPC ROM contained within a proprietary chip.
• Softmods: installing additional software files to the Xbox hard drive, which exploit programming errors in the Dashboard to gain control of the system, and overwrite the in-memory copy of the BIOS. Soft modification is known to be safe for Xbox Live if the user enables multibooting with the Microsoft dashboard and an original game disc is used.
  • Game save exploit: using select official game releases to load game saves that exploit buffer overflows in the save game handling. When these special game saves are loaded, they access an interface with scripts for installing the necessary softmod files. Disassembly of the Xbox is not required when installing most game save exploits.
• Hot swapping: using a computer to change the data on the hard drive. This requires having the Xbox unlock the hard drive when it is turned on, then swapping the powered hard drive into a running computer. By using a Linux-based Live CD, data on the hard drive can be read, altered, and deleted. In most cases, an automated script will automatically install the softmod files directly to the Xbox hard drive. This technique has been used extensively to harbor cheating on many online games. Disassembly of the console is required to perform a hot swap. It's the least recommended as it might shock the Xbox hardware or the user's PC components.

Alternative operating systems

Beyond gaming, a modded Xbox can be used as a media center with XBMC4Xbox. There are also distributions of Linux developed specifically for the Xbox, including those based on Gentoo, Debian, Damn Small Linux and Dyne:bolic.

Some operating systems ported to Xbox include Linux in the form of Xbox Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Windows CE, and ReactOS.

See also

• Xbox Live Marketplace

References

1. O'Brien, Jeffrey M. (November 2011). "The Making of the Xbox". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
2. Becker, David (September 3, 2002). "Microsoft names Acer Xbox maker". ZDNET.
3. ^ "Xbox Arrives in New York Tonight at Toys "R" Us Times Square". Microsoft. June 12, 2013. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
4. "Xbox goes on sale in the UK". The Guardian. March 14, 2002. Archived from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
5. Morris, Chris (April 18, 2002). "Saving the (cheaper) Xbox". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
6. ^ Garratt, Patrick (August 5, 2011). "The Xbox Story, Part 1: The Birth of a Console". vg247.com. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
7. ^ "Nvidia ends shipments of chips for Xbox". Financial Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
8. ^ "Gamers Catch Their Breath as Xbox 360 and Xbox Live Reinvent Next-Generation Gaming". Microsoft. May 10, 2006. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
9. ^ "Microsoft clarify NV2A". Eurogamer.net. March 28, 2001. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
10. Morris, Chris (May 9, 2006). "Grand Theft Auto, Halo 3 headed to Xbox 360". CNN. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
11. ^ Asher Moses (August 30, 2007). "Prepare for all-out war". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2008. Combined, the first two Halo games have notched up sales of more than 14.5 million copies so far, about 8 million of which can be attributed to Halo 2, which is the best-selling first-generation Xbox game worldwide.
12. "Microsoft announces X-BOX". April 7, 2000. Archived from the original on April 7, 2000. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
13. Herold, Charles (November 8, 2001). "GAME THEORY; Console Shootout: The Sequel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
14. Dyer, Mitch (November 23, 2011). "The Life and Death of the Original Xbox". Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
15. ^ "Xbox Live's Major Nelson » Xbox LIVE being discontinued for Original Xbox consoles and games". Majornelson.com. April 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
16. "History Of First Person Shooters". Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
17. "Forbes: Xbox lost Microsoft $4 billion (and counting)". Engadget. September 27, 2005. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
18. Terdiman, Daniel. "Xbox division down $4 billion". CNET. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
19. Takahashi, Dean (September 27, 2015). "A decade later, the former chief Xbox officer revisits his critical decisions". VentureBeat. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
20. Gilbert, Ben. "Xbox consoles have never been profitable on their own, Microsoft admits in court". Business Insider. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
21. "Microsoft Says Xbox Consoles Have Always Been Sold at a Loss". PCMAG. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
22. Richtel, Matt (February 16, 2003). "Business; Who's Blocking the Xbox? Sony and Its Games". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
23. "CNN.com - Xbox plugs into Japan". CNN. February 21, 2002. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
24. Willetts, Samual (July 27, 2020). "How DirectX defined PC gaming... with help from a shotgun-toting Bill Gates". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
25. ^ Bass, Dina (January 6, 2021). "Xbox: The Oral History of an American Video Game Empire". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
26. ^ "The making of the Xbox: How Microsoft unleashed a video game revolution (part 1)". VentureBeat. November 14, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
27. Phillips, Tom (November 24, 2021). "Microsoft reveals letter from that time it failed to buy Nintendo". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
28. Dudley, Brier (May 25, 2011). "Last of Xbox Dream Team, Otto Berkes Is Moving On". The Seattle Times. p. A12. Berkes and Hase were among a group of four who first pushed Microsoft to develop a Windows-based gaming system to compete with Sony's PlayStation 2, which was luring game companies from the Windows platform in the late 1990s. The other two were Seamus Blackley, who left in 2002, and Kevin Bachus, who left in 2001.
29. Knoop, Joseph (May 16, 2018). "How The Xbox Was Born At 35,000 Feet". IGN. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
30. ^ Gurwin, Gabe. "The history of the Xbox". Digitaltrends.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
31. ^ Dyer, Mitch (November 23, 2011). "The Life and Death of the Original Xbox". IGN. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
32. Dudley, Brier (May 24, 2011). "Exclusive: Microsoft loses last Xbox founder, mobile PC visionary". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. In 1998, Berkes and his team ordered a few Dell laptops, took them apart and built the first prototypes of a Windows gaming console. In order to appeal to young people, the name zBar (pronounced zed-BAH); later Ed Fries was leading Microsoft's games publishing business when the four Xbox founders pitched a "Direct X Box" based on the Windows DirectX graphics technology that was developed by Berkes' team.
33. Plunkett, Luke (October 12, 2021). "Report: Xbox's Last-Second Intel Switcheroo Left AMD Engineers Heartbroken". Kotaku. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
34. ^ Warren, Tom (July 5, 2013). "The Xbox could have been named 11-X, original WEP and DirectX Box codenames revealed". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
35. Thang, Jimmy (June 26, 2017). "The Evolution Of Xbox Consoles". Gamespot. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
36. ^ "How Xbox got its start -- and its name". gamasutra.com. April 13, 2018. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
37. Alexander, Leigh (August 14, 2009). "Interview: Former Microsoft Exec Fries Talks Xbox's Genesis". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011. Direct X-Box, of course, was truncated to 'Xbox,' -- and "marketing hated the name," says Fries. "They went off and created this whole, long list of better names for the machine." In focus testing, the marketing team left the name 'Xbox' on that long list simply as a control, to demonstrate to everyone why it was a horrible name for a console. "Of course, 'Xbox' outscored, in focus testing, everything they came up with. They had to admit it was going to be the Xbox."
38. Seppala, Timothy (March 23, 2018). "The story of the Duke, the Xbox pad that existed because it had to". Engadget. Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
39. "Why Xbox Failed In Japan". YouTube. CNBC. October 8, 2019. Archived from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
40. "Xbox Brings "Future-Generation" Games to Life" (Press release). Microsoft. March 10, 2000. Archived from the original on December 1, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
41. "Xbox Brings "Future-Generation" Games to Life". Microsoft. March 10, 2000. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
42. ^ Kent, Steven L. (February 16, 2004). "Xbox Timeline". GameSpy.com. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
43. Ashcraft, Brian. "How Xbox Could Have Helped The Dreamcast Survive". Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
44. "Xbox Brings "Future-Generation" Games to Life" (Press release). Microsoft. March 10, 2000. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
45. "Microsoft/Bungie Interview". IGN. June 19, 2000. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
46. Becker, David (January 6, 2001). "Microsoft got game: Xbox unveiled". CNET News. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
47. Lauren Fielder, Shane Satterfield (May 16, 2001). "E3 2001: Microsoft delivers Xbox launch details". GameSpot.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
48. "E3 2001: The Game Industry Goes Gaga". Tom's Hardware. May 23, 2001. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
49. ^ "Xbox hoopla begins with Gates at Times Square Toys R Us". Puget Sound Business Journal. November 14, 2001. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
50. "Xbox Arrives in New York Tonight at Toys "R" Us Times Square". microsoft.com. November 14, 2001. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
51. "'Shocking' Xbox advert banned". BBC News. June 6, 2002. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
52. de Matos, Xav (February 27, 2009). "PSA: Microsoft ends original Xbox support on March 2". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
53. Pereira, Chris (February 5, 2015). "Xbox Live to Cut Off Original Xbox Support on April 15". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
54. "Xbox: Description of custom soundtracks". Microsoft Knowledge Base. April 25, 2007. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
55. "The Xbox Video Game System from Microsoft to Feature Groundbreaking Dolby Interactive Content-Encoding Technology" (PDF) (Press release). Dolby Laboratories. April 18, 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
56. "Microsoft takes Nvidia to arbitration over pricing of Xbox processors". EE Times. April 29, 2002. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2006.
57. "Microsoft and Nvidia settle Xbox chip pricing dispute". EE Times. February 6, 2003. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2006.
58. "Anandtech Microsoft's Xbox". Anandtech.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
59. Graphics Processor Specifications, IGN, 2001
60. "Inside Xbox 360 Controller". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
61. "Xbox 360 Wireless Controller Tour". IGN. May 13, 2005. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. the original "Fatty" Xbox controller didn't have a specific public name
62. "Xbox's original beast of a controller making a comeback?". CNET. June 15, 2005. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011. Anyone who purchased the original Xbox during its launch window quickly came to know its behemoth of a controller, now nicknamed "Duke."
63. Games of 2001. Game Informer (January 2002, pg. 48).
64. "Top 10 Tuesday: Worst Game Controllers". IGN. February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2006. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
65. Ninja Beach Party. Official Xbox Magazine (October 2002, issue 11, pg. 44).
66. Christopher Buecheler chrisb@gamespy.com (June 24, 2008). "GameSpy.com - Hardware: Xbox Controller S". Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
67. "Xbox Retrospective: All-Time Top Xbox News". Gamer 2.0. Archived from the original on May 3, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
68. ^ Warren, Tom (May 21, 2020). "Xbox and Windows NT 3.5 source code leaks online". Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
69. Trinder, Garry (February 17, 2006). "The Xbox Operating System". Xbox Engineering. MSDN. Archived from the original on November 2, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
70. "Microsoft launches Xbox". CNN. November 15, 2001. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
71. "Xbox Live to Launch on One-Year Anniversary of Console Launch". Stories. August 13, 2002. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
72. "Microsoft to launch Xbox Live on 15 November". ITWeb. August 13, 2002. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
73. "Xbox Live Arrives in Stores, Sparking the Next Revolution in Video Games". Stories. November 15, 2002. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
74. "Xbox Live Starter Kits Virtually Sell Out in First Week of Sales". Stories. November 22, 2002. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
75. "Remember the original Xbox dashboard? Major Nelson looks back". OnMSFT.com. November 15, 2016. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
76. "The Magic Box - US Platinum Chart Games". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
77. "Sega and Microsoft Team Up for Strategic Xbox Alliance - News Center". March 30, 2001. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
78. "Panzer Dragoon Orta for Xbox - GameRankings". Archived from the original on February 11, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
79. "JSRF: Jet Set Radio Future for Xbox - GameRankings". Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
80. ^ Bouldling, Aaron (September 24, 2002). "Microsoft Buys Rare". Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
81. "Fable for Xbox - GameRankings". Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
82. "Ninja Gaiden for Xbox - GameRankings". Archived from the original on December 16, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
83. Adams, David (September 23, 2004). "Fable Sells Big". Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
84. Becker, David (November 10, 2004). "'Halo 2' clears record $125 million in first day". News.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
85. Latimore, Ben (September 5, 2021). "The Wild History Of Demo Discs, Shareware And Covertapes". Kotaku. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021.
86. Exhibition Volume 07
87. Coleman, Stephen (January 7, 2003). "Xbox Live Subscriptions Double Expectations". IGN. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
88. "Microsoft touts 30 million Xbox 360s sold, 20 million Xbox LIVE members". Engadget. May 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
89. "People still playing Halo 2 somehow". Eurogamer. April 26, 2010. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
90. "Toys R Us sells out Xbox pre-orders in 30 mins • Eurogamer.net". Eurogamer. September 6, 2001. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
91. "Microsoft launches Xbox - Nov. 15, 2001". Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
92. ^ "Xbox Launch One of Most Successful in Video Game History - Stories". January 8, 2002. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
93. "Xbox Strengthens Grip on No. 2 Position and Widens Lead Over GameCube". Stories. February 19, 2003. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
94. "Microsoft reports strong Q4 results; Xbox growth lags other divisions | GamesIndustry.biz". July 23, 2004. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
95. "BBC News | NEW MEDIA | Microsoft drops Xbox price". April 18, 2002. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
96. Robischon, Noah (December 13, 2004). "PlayStation 2 Shortage Frustrates More Than Buyers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
97. "Slimmer PlayStation triple sales". BBC News. November 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
98. Thorsen, Tor (May 26, 2004). "Xbox officially outsells PS2 in US". GameSpot.com. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
99. "Game-over for Xbox in Japan?". Taipei Times. February 21, 2002. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
100. "CNN.com - Xbox off to sluggish start in Japan - April 10, 2002". CNN. Archived from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
101. "Japan GCN sales". IGN Entertainment. April 18, 2002. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
102. "Xbox dead in Japan?", GamesTM, no. 1, Imagine Publishing, p. 11, December 2002, ISSN 1478-5889, archived from the original on April 9, 2016, retrieved April 25, 2014, Xbox is failing in Japan, there's no denying it. Despite the country's fascination with America, it seems uneasy investing in a non-Japanese product; so far just 278,860 Xbox consoles have been sold, compared to almost 700,000 GameCubes during the same period. These embarrassing figures have resulted in Hirohisa Ohura, Director of Xbox Japan, being moved to a different department within Microsoft, hinting that a certain amount of re-structuring is about to take place.
103. "Japan Xbox chief steps down". PinoyExchange Forums. November 10, 2002. Archived from the original on September 24, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
104. Funky Zealot (July 23, 2004). "Xbox Outsold by PS one in Japan". GamePro.com. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 17, 2004. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
105. "Xbox overtakes GameCube in Japan". computerandvideogames.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013.
106. Partis, Danielle (March 3, 2022). "Xbox has sold 2.3 million consoles in Japan over 20 years". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
107. "Xbox Live Terms of Use". Xbox.com. October 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
108. SLuSHIE (March 30, 2004). "Flashing TSOP With ANY Version XBOX V1.0-V1.5 For Noobs". I-Hacked.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
109. Steil, Michael (February 7, 2007). "Xbox Hardware Overview – Xcalibur". Xbox Linux. Archived from the original on July 20, 2007. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
110. Phoenix. "Phoenix Bios Loader". Xbox-HQ.com. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
111. Becker, David (March 31, 2003). "Hacker cracks Xbox challenge". News.com. Retrieved July 18, 2007.
112. Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos (July 18, 2007). "Modding The Xbox Into The Ultimate Multimedia Center". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved May 11, 2004.
113. "Gentoox". distrowatch.com. September 28, 2008. Retrieved December 25, 2010.

External links

• Official website at xbox.com
• Xbox at the Wayback Machine (archived February 23, 2005)

• Xbox (console)
• 2001 in video gaming
• Computer-related introductions in 2001
• Discontinued Microsoft products
• DVD-ROM-based consoles
• Golden Joystick Award winners
• Home video game consoles
• Microsoft video game consoles
• Products introduced in 2001
• Products and services discontinued in 2009
• Sixth-generation video game consoles
• X86-based game consoles
• Microsoft game compilations