Osborne Perry Anderson (July 27, 1830 – December 11, 1872) was an African-American abolitionist and the only surviving African-American member of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. He became a soldier in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Early life
In 1830 Anderson was born a free African American in West Fallow Field Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. He completed basic schooling and later attended Oberlin College in Ohio, after which he moved to Chatham in Canada West (now Ontario) in 1850 and opened shop as a printer. This skill served him later as an abolitionist. A different source says it was 1851 that he moved to Canada, where he worked for Mary Ann Shadd Cary's Provincial Freeman newspaper.
The same year, he was a member of the Chatham Vigilance Committee that sought to prevent former slaves from being returned to the United States and brought back into slavery, such as the case of Sylvanus Demarest.
John Brown and the raid on Harpers Ferry
In May 1858, Anderson met John Brown and learned of the revolution that he was planning at a meeting in Chatham. Because of his writing skills Anderson was appointed as the recording secretary at several of the meetings and was eventually promoted to a member of Brown’s provisional congress.
During the raid, Col. Lewis Washington, great grand-nephew of George Washington, was taken hostage by the raiders, and surrendered to Anderson the sword of Frederick the Great and pistols presented by General Lafayette to General Washington. John Brown later brandished the sword while commanding his men at Harpers Ferry.
During the raid on Harpers Ferry Anderson was stationed with Albert Hazlett, and once it became apparent to them that the raid was a failure they both retreated to Pennsylvania. Hazlett was later captured and hanged.
A Voice from Harper's Ferry
Of the slaves who followed us to the Ferry, some were sent to help remove stores, and the others were drawn up in a circle around the engine-house, at one time, where they were, by Captain Brown's order, furnished by me with pikes, mostly, and acted as a guard to the prisoners to prevent their escape, which they did. As in the war of the American Revolution, the first blood shed was a black man's, Crispus Attucks', so at Harpers Ferry, the first blood shed by our party, after the arrival of the United States troops, was that of a slave. In the beginning of the encounter, and before the troops had fairly emerged from the bridge, a slave was shot. I saw him fall. Phil, the slave who died in prison, with fear, as it was reported, was wounded at the Ferry, and died from the effects of it… The first report of the number of 'insurrectionists' killed was seventeen, which showed that several slaves were killed; for there were only ten of the men that belonged to the Kennedy Farm who lost their lives at the Ferry, namely: John Henri Kagi, Jerry Anderson, Watson Brown, Oliver Brown, Stewart Taylor, Adolphus Thompson, William Thompson, William Leeman, all eight whites, and Dangerfield Newby and Sherrard Lewis Leary, both colored. The rest reported dead, according to their own showing, were colored.
After the failed raid, Anderson went on to publish an account of the events, titled A Voice From Harper’s Ferry. The book describes the conditions that were present at the Harpers Ferry raid, including the training, the supplies that were available, and the events that led up to and followed the raid. In it, he says he was the only surviving person who was with Brown during the entire raid.
Though Anderson did not name the friends who aided his escape in his account, later analysis concluded that William C. Goodridge, a conductor on the Underground Railroad, hid him in York, Pennsylvania, then sent him by rail to Philadelphia. Anderson proceeded from there to Canada.
Later life
Upon the start of the Civil War Anderson became a noncommissioned officer of the Union Army. In October 1872, "the colored citizens of Philadelphia" took up a collection of $69 (~$1,755 in 2023) to help him; in thanking them on October 20, he indicates that his health is poor ("Should Providence spare my life..."), and the newspaper described him as in "feeble health" and "on his way to the South". In Washington D.C. two collections produced over $150. Within a week he died, in Washington, from tuberculosis and lack of care. He was interred at Columbian Harmony Cemetery. All the bodies from that cemetery were moved to National Harmony Memorial Park in Landover, Maryland. The exact location of his remains in the cemetery is unknown as most of the reburials were in the nature of a mass grave. His gravestone marker, if there was one, was sold with the others as scrap and probably ended up as "rip-rap" securing the Potomac shoreline of Stuart Plantation. There is a more recent memorial, but it is almost certainly not located over his remains.
Works
- Anderson, Osborne Perry (1861). A Voice from Harper's Ferry . Boston – via Wikisource.
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See also
Legacy
- The Journals of Osborne P. Anderson, a play by Ted Lange, was produced in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in 2015.
References
- Hinton, Richard J (1894). John Brown and his men; with some account of the roads they traveled to reach Harper's Ferry (Revised ed.). New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 505.
- Meyer, Eugene L. (2018). Five for Freedom, The African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 9781613735718.
- "Chatham Vigilance Committee and the Demarest Rescue". Clio. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
- Calarco, Tom. People of the Underground Railroad: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group (2008), p. 255.
- Alkalimat, Abdul (2004). The African American Experience in Cyberspace. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-2222-0.
- Geffert, Hannah (2005). "They heard his call / the local Black community's involvement in the raid on Harpers Ferry". In Russo, Peggy A.; Finkelman, Paul (eds.). Terrible swift sword: the legacy of John Brown. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0821441503.
- "Info on Anderson from Chatham-Kent Black Historical Society website". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- Anderson, Osborne Perry (1861). "Chapter 19" . A voice from Harper's Ferry . Boston. p. 60 – via Wikisource.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Explore PA History: William C. Goodridge Historical Marker accessed 4-11-2017
- Anderson, Osborne P. (October 25, 1872) . "Interesting Correspondence". The Christian Recorder. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com.
- "Osborne P. Anderson". The Christian Recorder (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). October 25, 1872. p. 4 – via accessiblearchives.com.
- Wide Awake (December 21, 1872) . "Washington Letter". The Christian Recorder. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com.
- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (1995). "'A Volcano Beneath a Mountain of Snow': John Brown and the problem of Interpretation". In Finkelman, Paul (ed.). His Soul Goes Marching On. Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. pp. 10–38, at p. 27. ISBN 0813915368.
- Meyer, Eugene L. (2018). Five for Freedom. The African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books (Chicago Review Press). pp. 144–146. ISBN 9781613735725.
- Meyer, Eugene L. "At Cemetery, a John Brown Raider Is Remembered." Washington Post. November 16, 2000.
- "The Journals of Osborne P. Anderson". Winston-Salem Chronicle. Winston-Salem, N.C. July 30, 2015. p. 3 – via North Carolina Newspapers.
Further reading
- Huntingto , Tom (April 2017). "Escape from Harpers Ferry". American History. 52 (1) – via EBSCO Academic Search Complete.
External links
- Works by or about Osborne Perry Anderson at the Internet Archive
- Works by Osborne Perry Anderson at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
