Colonel Sir William Owen Lanyon KCMG CB (21 July 1842 – 6 April 1887) was an Irish colonial administrator and British Army officer.
Early life and career
Lanyon was born in County Antrim, Ireland, to Sir Charles Lanyon and his wife Elizabeth Helen Owen. He was educated at Bromsgrove School before joining the army; he was commissioned into the 6th Foot in 1860, but transferred to the 2nd West India Regiment in 1866. He became private secretary to Sir John Peter Grant, Governor of Jamaica from 1868 to 1873, and was invalided in the Ashanti campaign in West Africa.
Colonial administration in Africa
Lanyon served as administrator in southern African territories in the 1870s. His autocratic outlook and low opinion of the local peoples made him immensely unpopular during his terms of office.
Lieutenant Governor of the Griqualand West Colony (1873–1879)
In South Africa, he served as Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West from 1873 until 1879. Known at the time as "the Major", his term in office was beset with controversy. Racial tensions, lawsuits as well as territorial disputes with neighbouring states caused immense turmoil. He was also extremely unpopular with the local inhabitants and had to subdue armed rebellions.
The neighbouring Cape Colony, semi-independent and the largest state in the region, was considered the only local entity with the resources to govern Griqualand West. The Cape Prime Minister John Molteno, after repeatedly refusing to annex the costly and unstable territory, eventually consented to incorporate it. With the Cape signing of the Griqualand West Annexation Act, direct British rule over the territory ended. Lanyon famously referred to Griqualand West as the most "hideous and disgusting" place he had ever seen.
Acting-Administrator of the Transvaal Colony (1879–1881)
He then took over administration of Transvaal from Sir Theophilus Shepstone on 4 March 1879, and assisted the Governor Henry Bartle Frere in dealing with the restive Boer population. As in his previous position, Lanyon was immensely unpopular, with both the Boer and the Black African populations. Boer unrest steadily increased but Lanyon remained in his position until 8 August 1881, during which time the disastrous outbreak of the First Boer War took place. This saw the British defeated and evicted from the Transvaal, which returned to being an independent state. Some British historians have argued that the defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the British Empire.
Lanyon then served in the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War.
Later life and death
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Lanyon became a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1878 and a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880. He died of cancer in 1887 in New York.
References
- Dictionary of South African biography;. Pretoria: Nasional Boekhandel Bpk. for National Council for Social Research, Dept. of Higher Education. 1968. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-624-00856-9.
- Selections from the correspondence of J. X. Merriman. Van Riebeeck Society. Cape Town. (1960)
- "Memorials and Monuments in St Judes Church, Portsmouth (Colonel Sir William Owen Lanyon)". Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
- "The Boer War - The British Empire". www.britishempire.me.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
External links
- Stearn, Roger T. (May 2006). "Lanyon, Sir (William) Owen (1842–1887)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16060. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Memorial
- Basic data from worldstatesmen.org
- Background from wakkerstroom.org.za
- Ulster biography
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- 1842 births
- 1887 deaths
- British Army personnel of the Anglo-Egyptian War
- Burials at Brompton Cemetery
- Companions of the Order of the Bath
- Governors of the Transvaal
- Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
- People educated at Bromsgrove School
- Military personnel from County Antrim
- Political office-holders in South Africa
- Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers
- South African Republic politicians
- West India Regiment officers
- Irish officers in the British Army
- British Army colonels
- Deaths from cancer in New York (state)