PACMAD clade - Misplaced Pages

A major clade in the grass family Poaceae

PACMAD clade

switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Clade:	PACMAD clade
Subfamilies
Aristidoideae Arundinoideae Chloridoideae Danthonioideae Micrairoideae Panicoideae

The PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses in which the C₄ photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times.

Phylogeny

The name of the clade comes from the first initials of the included subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae. It has no defined taxonomic rank but is used frequently because it refers to a well-defined monophyletic group with a distinct ecology.

Phylogeny of the PACMAD clade, with photosynthetic pathways for each subfamily:

PACMAD clade

Aristidoideae C₃ & C₄

Panicoideae C₃ & C₄

	Chloridoideae C₃ & C₄

	Danthonioideae C₃

	Arundinoideae C₃

	Micrairoideae C₃ & C₄

References

Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. hdl:11336/25248. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 84052108.
^ Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C₄ origins". New Phytologist. 193 (2): 304–312. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x. hdl:2262/73271. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 22115274.

Grasses (Poaceae or Gramineae)

Morphology

Ecology

Subfamilies

Early-diverging	BOP clade	PACMAD clade
Anomochlooideae Pharoideae Puelioideae	Bambusoideae (bamboos) Oryzoideae Pooideae	Aristidoideae Arundinoideae Chloridoideae Danthonioideae Micrairoideae Panicoideae

Uses

Food	Construction	Landscaping	Other
Cereals Bamboo shoots Lemongrass Sugarcane	Bamboo scaffolding Sod roof Thatching	Lawn Ornamental grass Pasture Turf	Bamboo musical instruments Bamboo textiles Switchgrass

Agrostology · List of Poaceae genera · see also: Graminoid · Graminid clade

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