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Paint protection film (PPF, also called clear bra, clear film or clear paint film) is a thermoplastic urethane often self-healing film applied to painted surfaces of a new or used car in order to protect the paint from stone chips, bug splatters, and minor abrasions. This film is also used on airplanes, RVs, cell phones, electronics, screens, motorcycles, and many other areas. Paint protection film is OEM approved by virtually all car manufacturers.
Paint protection film is installed on a limited basis by manufacturers on various pieces of cars at the factory (e.g. the rear arches of Porsches). This film is most commonly applied to high-impact areas of vehicles which include: the hood, the front fenders, the front bumper, the side view mirrors, the rocker panels, the lower portion of the doors, and the rear guards behind the rear wheels. This is because these specific panels are the most susceptible to damage from rock chips and other forms of road debris from other vehicles, driving near construction, and even through self-inflicted damage—which is caused by simply driving due to the fact that debris is inevitably kicked up from the tires rotating. The film is generally installed by certified trained professionals who receive supplies from outside distributors and dealers.
Military origins of paint protection film
As with many other consumer products, paint protection films were first developed and used by the military. During the Vietnam War, helicopter rotor blades and other sensitive parts of military transports were often damaged by flying shrapnel and debris. In order to help protect these moving parts, the US military asked 3M to come up with a solution that was both inconspicuous and low-weight.
The advantage of replaceable film over the replacement and repair of damaged rotor blades was immediately clear and its adoption was uncharacteristically quick for the US military. As a result, there are still people in the industry who refer to PPF as "helicopter tape" although this term is becoming less and less common as automotive applications have taken precedence.
Adoption of PPF by automotive sector
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) film was not invented by a single individual but was developed as a result of advancements in polymer science during the mid-20th century. TPU is a type of elastomer that combines the properties of rubber with the toughness of plastic, and its development can be attributed to the work of chemical engineers and researchers in the polymer and plastics industry.
Key milestones in the invention and development of TPU film include:
1. Development of Polyurethane
- Polyurethane, the base material for TPU, was first synthesized in the 1930s by Dr. Otto Bayer and his team at IG Farben in Germany. They pioneered the chemistry behind polyurethane, which became the foundation for the development of various derivatives, including TPU.
2. Emergence of TPU
- TPU was introduced in the 1950s as a versatile, thermoplastic version of polyurethane. Companies like BASF, Bayer MaterialScience (now Covestro), and Huntsman Corporation were instrumental in advancing TPU formulations.
3. Application in Film
- TPU was later processed into films for industrial and consumer applications, such as protective coatings, flexible laminates, and automotive uses. The exact timing and team responsible for TPU film innovation are less documented, as it was likely a collaborative industry effort rather than an invention attributed to a single person.
Today, TPU films are widely used in applications such as automotive paint protection, medical devices, apparel, and consumer electronics due to their durability, flexibility, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals.
The thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) market is characterized by a mix of major global corporations and numerous smaller regional producers. While it's challenging to pinpoint an exact number of TPU manufacturers worldwide, the industry is dominated by a few key players:
- BASF SE: Holding approximately 27.71% of the global TPU market share. Prof Research
- The Lubrizol Corporation: Accounting for about 19.43% of the market. Prof Research
- Covestro AG: With a market share of 12.65%. Prof Research
- Wanhua Chemical Group Co. Ltd.: Representing 7.86% of the market. Prof Research
Collectively, these top four companies control a significant portion of the TPU market. However, the remaining market share is distributed among various other manufacturers, including:
Contemporary automotive paint protection films
Today's automotive PPF is highly conformable and optically clear and is available in a variety of thicknesses (measured in mil in the US) and colors. New products are multi layered and offer a self-healing top coat capable of reforming itself after being scuffed or scratched, maintaining clarity for more than ten years. Products from some vendors also offer hydrophobic properties, similar to those provided by a ceramic paint coating. Contemporary applications require a slip solution or gel as a barrier keeping the film from adhering to the painted panel. Custom and advanced applicators use steam, heat guns and torches to help apply film to complex surfaces. Pre-stretch and pre-form of films are also used for complex wraps and curves.
Types of installation available
There are different styles of installation of PPF. Installation with a plotter can be done using software designed to create a pattern to the shape of the panel the film is being installed on. It is possible to modify a plotter software pattern to suit the needs of an installer and their customer. The most experienced installers can hand template panels, and then convert those templates into digital format for software to cut them digitally, meaning that any custom work can be converted into a digital template. Installation without a plotter, by bulk installing film from the roll, is a risk, as the film is cut directly onto the surface of the vehicle.
In addition to installations performed in situ at the factory or by certified shops and dealerships, there are also a select number of vendors who sell pre-cut and vehicle-specific paint protection kits such as trackdayppf.com, as well as individuals who sell these kits on online auctions sites or other markets.
PPF is designed specifically for physical protection against light road debris and scratches on paintwork. It is different from sealants which are usually in liquid form and are designed for UV and chemical resistance. Sealants harden up the clear coat on your paintwork but are not designed to protect your vehicle from physical damage. For this reason, both PPF and sealants can be used on vehicles to protect the panels in different ways.
See also
References
- "3M Scotchgard PPF". 3M Paint Protection Film. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- "History of car clear bra paint protection film". 2014. Archived from the original on 2012-09-25. Retrieved 12 September 2014.