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Paul S. Reinsch
Portrait of Paul Samuel Reinsch.
Born	(1869-06-10)June 10, 1869 Milwaukee County, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Died	January 26, 1923(1923-01-26) (aged 53) Shanghai, China
Nationality	American
Alma mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison
Scientific career
Fields	Political science
Doctoral advisor	Frederick Jackson Turner

Paul Samuel Reinsch (June 10, 1869 – January 26, 1923), was an American political scientist and diplomat. He played an influential role in developing the field of international relations. He helped form the American Political Science Association and the American Society of International Law.

He was a strong proponent of the Open Door Policy (a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China) and a critic of imperialism.

Early life

Reinsch was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin of German-American parents. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1892, attended the school of law there, and after graduating in 1894, was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Milwaukee for some time.

Academic career

He returned to the University of Wisconsin for additional schooling in 1895, enrolled as a PhD student in history and political science. He earned a Ph.D. in political science under Frederick Jackson Turner in 1898. While Reinsch was at the University of Wisconsin, Richard Ely founded the School of Economics, Political Science and History. Reinsch was a progressive and his fellow student and friend Francis McGovern would go on to become Governor of Wisconsin and implement progressive policies.

He was assistant professor of political science from 1899 to 1901, and full professor from 1901 to 1913. He reportedly established the first course in international politics at the University of Wisconsin in 1899.

In 1900, Reinsch published World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century. The book, which focuses on great power disputes over China, German imperialism and American expansionism, has been characterized as an early writing within the field of political science that recognized that international politics were shaped by unique economic, political and intellectual forces. In the book, Reinsch identifies a shift from nationalism to national imperialism where the new desire of European nation-states is to control as much territory as possible.

Reinsch criticizes national imperialism on the basis of its threat to world peace, the subjugation of indigenous peoples and its diversion of focus from domestic reform. However, Reinsch was in favor of expansionism on the grounds of a "white man's burden," although he expressed skepticism that even well-intentioned colonial activities would have its intended effects. He writes,

Experience seems to show that even those institutions which are by us considered the very foundation of good government may have harmful results when introduced into another society. The most striking example of this is found in the experience of Great Britain in India...The system has in general had a most unfortunate effect upon the intelligent life of India, introducing elements entirely alien to Indian culture which have turned the mind of Indian educated men away from the development of their inherited philosophical and literary civilization.

According to Ido Oren, "Reinsch wrote so extensively on the subject matter in which he was implicated as a diplomat and adviser—international diplomacy, international organization, and imperialism—that it becomes nearly impossible to draw a neat line separating scholarship from politics in his career."

Diplomatic career

Reinsch was part of the U.S. delegation to the third and fourth Pan-American conferences in 1906 and 1910, and the first Pan-American Scientific Congress in Santiago in 1909.

In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Reinsch United States Minister to China, a position he held until 1919 when he became legal advisor to the Chinese government. During his time in China, Reinsch was a strong proponent for greater US aid to China, increased Red Cross activities in China, and an alliance between the US and China in World War I.

Reinsch strongly opposed the Shandong Agreement of the Versailles Treaty, which granted Japan control over Shandong, a former German protectorate. He was a proponent of Chinese sovereignty.

Final years

He established a law firm in Washington D.C. in 1920. He ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1920 United States Senate election in Wisconsin, placing third with 13.18% of the vote.

He died in Shanghai in 1923 following complications from bronchial pneumonia.

Publications

• (1899). The Common Law in the Early American Colonies.
• (1900). World Politics at the End of the Nineteenth Century.
• (1902). Colonial Government.
• (1905). Colonial Administration.
• (1907). American Legislatures and Legislative Methods.
• (1909). Readings on American Federal Government.
• (1909). Civil Government.
• (1911). Readings on American State Government.
• (1911). Intellectual and Political Currents in the Far East.
• (1911). Public International Unions.
• (1922). An American Diplomat in China.

Selected articles

• "A Parliament for China," The Atlantic, December 1, 1909.
• "Intellectual Life in Japan," The Atlantic, October 1910.

He was a contributor to the New International Encyclopedia.

Notes

1. ^ Schmidt, Brian C. (1998). The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations. SUNY Press. pp. 70–75. ISBN 978-0-7914-3577-9.
2. Bell, Duncan (2020). Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and the Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America. Princeton University Press. p. 31. doi:10.2307/j.ctv12sdwnm. ISBN 978-0-691-19401-1. JSTOR j.ctv12sdwnm.
3. Kirk, Grayson (1949). "Materials for the Study of International Relations". World Politics. 1 (3): 428. doi:10.2307/2009040. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009040. S2CID 155336205.
4. ^ Pugach, Noel (1969). "Making the Open Door Work: Paul S. Reinsch in China, 1913-1919". Pacific Historical Review. 38 (2): 157–175. doi:10.2307/3636184. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 3636184.
5. Reinsch, Paul S. (1898). "English Common Law in the Early American Colonies". Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin No. 31. Economics, Political Science, and History Series. Vol. 2. pp. 393–456.
6. ^ "Reinsch, Paul Samuel 1869 - 1923". Wisconsin Historical Society. 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
7. Furstenberg, Barbara Jean (1964). The scholar and public policy : an analysis of the thought of Paul S. Reinsch. UW-Madison Open Dissertations and Theses (Thesis).
8. Potter, Pitman B. (1923). "Political Science in the International Field". American Political Science Review. 17 (3): 381–391. doi:10.2307/1944041. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1944041. S2CID 153640855.
9. Schmidt, Brian C (2008). "Political Science and the American Empire: A Disciplinary History of the 'Politics' Section and the Discourse of Imperialism and Colonialism". International Politics. 45 (6): 675–687. doi:10.1057/ip.2008.29. ISSN 1740-3898. S2CID 144959863.
10. ^ Willoughby, W. F. (1906). "Review of Colonial Administration". International Journal of Ethics. 16 (4): 502–504. doi:10.1086/intejethi.16.4.2376002. ISSN 1526-422X. JSTOR 2376002.
11. Oren, Ido (2004). "The Enduring Relationship Between the American (National Security) State and the State of the Discipline". PS: Political Science & Politics. 37 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1017/S1049096504003622. ISSN 1537-5935.
12. Pugach, Noel (1979). Paul S. Reinsch, Open Door Diplomat in Action. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press.
13. Pugach, Noel (1969). "Making the Open Door Work: Paul S. Reinsch in China, 1913–1919," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 157–175.
14. Tsur, Y. T. (1923). "Paul Samuel Reinsch". Chinese Social and Political Science Review. 7: 139.
15. West, W. M. (1901). "Review of English Common Law in the Early American Colonies". The American Historical Review. 6 (3): 584–585. doi:10.2307/1833540. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1833540.
16. Sparks, Edwin E. (1906). "Review of Colonial Administration". American Journal of Sociology. 11 (4): 577–578. doi:10.1086/211424. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2762568.
17. Phillips, Marion (1906). "Review of Colonial Administration". The Economic Journal. 16 (61): 123–125. doi:10.2307/2221156. ISSN 0013-0133. JSTOR 2221156.
18. Merriam, Charles Edward (1907). "Review of American Legislatures and Legislative Methods". American Journal of Sociology. 13 (1): 118–120. doi:10.1086/211565. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2762539.
19. Allin, C. D. (1912). "Public International Unions. By Paul S. Reinsch. (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1911. Pp. 189)". American Political Science Review. 6 (2): 278–281. doi:10.2307/1946033. ISSN 1537-5943. JSTOR 1946033.
20. Willoughby, W.W. (1922). "Reinsch, Paul Samuel. An American Diplomat in China. Pp. xii, 396. Price, $4.00. New York: Doubleday Page and Company, 1922". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 101 (1): 306–307. doi:10.1177/000271622210100148. ISSN 0002-7162.

External links

• Works by or about Paul Samuel Reinsch at the Internet Archive
• Works by Paul Samuel Reinsch, at Hathi Trust
• Works by Paul Samuel Reinsch, at JSTOR

v t e United States ambassadors to China
Great Qing Empire
Commissioner	Cushing (Envoy) Everett Davis Parker (chargé d’affaires) Marshall McLane Parker
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	Reed Ward Burlingame Browne Low Avery Seward Angell Young Denby Conger Rockhill Calhoun
Republic of China (Beijing/Nanjing)
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary	Calhoun Reinsch Crane Schurman MacMurray Johnson
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	Johnson Gauss Hurley Stuart
Republic of China (Taipei)
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	Rankin Drumright Kirk Wright McConaughy Unger
People's Republic of China
Chiefs of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing	Bruce Bush Gates Woodcock
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary	Woodcock Hummel Lord Lilley Roy Sasser Prueher Randt Huntsman Locke Baucus Branstad Burns
See also: American Institute in Taiwan

• Ambassadors of the United States to China
• University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
• University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
• Scientists from Milwaukee
• American people of German descent
• Writers from Milwaukee
• 1869 births
• 1923 deaths
• American male writers
• American political scientists
• 20th-century American politicians