| European spadefoot toads Temporal range: Late Jurassic – Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
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| Pelobates fuscus fuscus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Suborder: | Mesobatrachia |
| Superfamily: | Pelobatoidea |
| Family: | Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850 |
| Genera | |
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See text | |
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| The distribution of extant pelobatids (in black). | |
The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs, the Pelobatidae, with only one extant genus Pelobates, containing six species. They are native to Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa, and western Asia.
Description
The European spadefoot toad grows up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and is often inconspicuously coloured. They have squat bodies with smooth skin and eyes with vertical pupils. They are predominantly fossorial (burrowing) frogs, which dig into sandy soils. Pelobatidae frogs burrow backwards and they spend much of their time in the ground. They prefer open areas with loose soil as opposed to dense compact soil to facilitate the burrowing and have hardened protrusions on their feet to aid in digging, which is the source of the common name. They emerge from the ground during periods of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.
All of the species from this family have free-living, aquatic tadpoles. The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate, so the tadpole stage is unusually brief, with rapid development to the adult form in as little as two weeks. To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.
Taxonomy
The seven species of American spadefoot toads (genera Scaphiopus and Spea) were previously also included in the family Pelobatidae, but are now generally regarded as the separate family Scaphiopodidae.
Family Pelobatidae
- Genus †Elkobatrachus
- †Elkobatrachus brocki
- Genus †Liaobatrachus
- Genus †Eopelobates
- Genus Pelobates
- Pelobates balcanicus
- Western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes)
- Common spadefoot (Pelobates fuscus)
- Pelobates syriacus (Pelobates syriacus)
- Moroccan spadefoot toad (Pelobates varaldii)
- Pallas' Spadefoot Toad (Pelobates vespertinus)
Fossils
The earliest fossil genus of pelobatids, Elkobatrachus, was described in 2006.
In the Jurassic Morrison Formation, pelobatids are represented by the ilium of an unnamed but indeterminate species. This ilium is larger than that of Enneabatrachus, a contemporary discoglossid species. A specimen has been recovered from Quarry 9 of Como Bluff in Wyoming. Pelobatids are present in stratigraphic zones 5 and 6 of the formation.
The Oligocene site of Enspel in Germany preserves evidence of pelobatid tadpoles feeding on pollen.
Notes
- ^ Foster, J. (2007). "Pelobatidae indet." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 137.
- ^ Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
- Tron, François (2005). "The Eastern spadefoot Toad (Pelobates syriacus): A new amphibian species for Lebanon" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014.
- Henrici, Amy C.; Haynes, Simon R. (2006). "Elkobatrachus brocki, a new Pelobatid (Amphibia: Anura) from the Eocene Elko Formation of Nevada". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 75 (1): 11–35. doi:10.2992/0097-4463(2006)75[11:ebanpa]2.0.co;2.
- Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.
- Wuttke, Michael; Poschmann, Markus J.; Wappler, Torsten; Bouchal, Johannes M.; Geier, Christian; Ulrich, Silvia; Grímsson, Friðgeir (1 June 2024). "Pollen-feeding in a giant pelobatid tadpole from the late Oligocene of Enspel, Germany". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. doi:10.1007/s12549-024-00603-8. ISSN 1867-1594. Retrieved 3 November 2024 – via Springer Link.
References
- Gissi, Carmela; Diego San Mauro; Graziano Pesole; Rafael Zardoya (February 2006). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of Anura (Amphibia): A case study of congruent phylogenetic reconstruction using amino acid and nucleotide characters" (PDF). Gene. 366 (2): 228–237. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.07.034. PMID 16307849. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
- Roelants, Kim; Franky Bossuyt (February 2005). "Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs". Systematic Biology. 54 (1): 111–126. doi:10.1080/10635150590905894. PMID 15805014.
- San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005). "Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea" (PDF). American Naturalist. 165 (5): 590–599. doi:10.1086/429523. PMID 15795855. S2CID 17021360. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
External links
Media related to Pelobatidae at Wikimedia Commons
