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Penstemon fruticosus
Conservation status
Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Plantaginaceae
Genus:	Penstemon
Species:	P. fruticosus
Binomial name
Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene
Varieties
P. fruticosus var. fruticosus P. fruticosus var. scouleri P. fruticosus var. serratus

Penstemon fruticosus, the bush penstemon or shrubby penstemon, is a species of penstemon native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.

Description

Penstemon fruticosus is a semi-evergreen shrub or subshrub, a plant that is partly woody especially towards its base, that usually takes the form of a spreading tuft. Its stems may be 13 to 40 centimeters (5 to 16 in) tall. Usually several stems will grow directly upwards or outward a short distance before curving to grow upwards from a branched, woody caudex at the base of the plant. The stems may be glabrous or puberulent, hairless or covered in minute, stiff hairs.

Each stem will have two to six pairs of leaves attached on opposite sides with those towards the end clearly smaller than ones towards the base. The leaves are normally smooth and glossy and those on stems without flowers are usually better developed than ones on flowering stems. Leaf length ranges from 0.5 to 6 centimeters, though ordinarily less than 5 cm (2 in). Their width is 3 to 12 millimeters. They may be lanceolate, oblanceolate, or elliptic; shaped like a spear head, reversed, or with sides like two ellipses. The end of the leaf may be narrow or bluntly pointed, seldom the leaf vein extends out into an extended mucronate tip.

The inflorescences have few flowers all facing one direction away from the stem. Each flowering stem will have two to seven groups of flowers with a pair of cymes each with one flower. As the base of each group there will be a pair of lanceolate bracts, 4–16 mm long. The flowers have fused petals in a funnel shape 2.8–4.8 cm in length. The color of the flowers is variously described as pale lavender, pale blue-violet, blue-lavender, or light purplish. The outside of the flower is hairless, but the top interior of the tube is covered in white hairs. The staminode does not reach out of the flower opening and is sparsely to densely covered in yellow hairs.

Taxonomy

The species was scientifically described and named Gerardia fruticosa in 1813 by the botanist Frederick Traugott Pursh. In 1892 it was moved to the current name of Penstemon fruticosus by Edward Lee Greene.

Varieties

Penstemon fruticosus has three accepted varieties:

Penstemon fruticosus var. fruticosus

This is the autonymic variety of the species. It is the most widespread of the three varieties.

Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri

In 1829 David Douglas described a species he named Penstemon scouleri. It was reclassified as a variety of this species in 1959 by Arthur Cronquist.

Penstemon fruticosus var. serratus

The botanist David D. Keck described a subspecies he named Penstemon fruticosus subsp. serratus. It also was changed to be a variety by Cronquist in 1951.

Synonyms

It also has 17 synonyms of the species or one of its varieties.

Names

In English it is known by the common names of shrubby penstemon or bush penstemon.

Range and habitat

The species is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America from Oregon to British Columbia, and east to the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and Alberta. In Canada it grows in southwestern Alberta and the interior of British Columbia. In the Rocky Mountains it grows in Idaho and Montana, but only reaches as far south as Park County, Wyoming in the state's northwestern corner. In Washington and Oregon it is found in many areas from the eastern side to the Cascades. It grows at elevations of up to 3,000 meters (9,800 ft).

It grows on cliffs, rock outcrops, gravelly slopes, in forest openings, and along roadcuts. It is associated with sagebrush and with juniper woodlands.

Conservation

Shrubby penstemon was evaluated by NatureServe in 2016 and rated as secure (G5). They also rated it as secure (S5) in British Columbia and as apparently secure (S4) in Montana. In Alberta and Wyoming they rated it as vulnerable (S3), but have not evaluated it in Idaho, Washington, or Oregon.

See also

• List of Penstemon species

Citations

1. ^ NatureServe 2024.
2. ^ POWO 2024a.
3. ^ Freeman 2020a.
4. ^ Cronquist et al. 1972, p. 384.
5. Giblin n.d.
6. TWC Staff 2023.
7. ^ Cronquist et al. 1972, p. 385.
8. ^ POWO 2024b.
9. ^ Freeman 2020b.
10. ^ POWO 2024c.
11. ^ POWO 2024d.
12. ^ NRCS 2024.
13. Freeman 2020c.

References

Books

• Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. (1984). Intermountain Flora : Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.. Vol. 4. Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae) (First ed.). Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. pp. 384–385. ISBN 978-0-231-04120-1. OCLC 320442. Retrieved 7 December 2024.

Websites

• Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) . "Penstemon fruticosus". Flora of North America. p. 88. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 6 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
• Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) . "Penstemon fruticosus var fruticosus". Flora of North America. p. 89. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
• Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) . "Penstemon fruticosus var scouleri". Flora of North America. p. 89. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
• Giblin, David (n.d.). "Penstemon fruticosus". Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. University of Washington Herbarium. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
• NatureServe (1 November 2024). "Penstemon fruticosus". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
• NRCS (7 December 2024), "Penstemon fruticosus", PLANTS Database, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• TWC Staff (22 February 2023). "Penstemon fruticosus (Bush Penstemon)". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Plant Database. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
• "Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
• "Penstemon fruticosus var. fruticosus". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
• "Penstemon fruticosus var. scouleri (Douglas) Cronquist". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
• "Penstemon fruticosus var. serratus (D.D.Keck) Cronquist". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

External links

Media related to Penstemon fruticosus at Wikimedia Commons

• NatureServe secure species
• Penstemon
• Flora of Alberta
• Flora of British Columbia
• Flora of Idaho
• Flora of Oregon
• Flora of Washington (state)
• Flora of Wyoming