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(Redirected from Pental system) Base five numeral system
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Quinary (base 5 or pental) is a numeral system with five as the base. A possible origination of a quinary system is that there are five digits on either hand.

In the quinary place system, five numerals, from 0 to 4, are used to represent any real number. According to this method, five is written as 10, twenty-five is written as 100, and sixty is written as 220.

As five is a prime number, only the reciprocals of the powers of five terminate, although its location between two highly composite numbers (4 and 6) guarantees that many recurring fractions have relatively short periods.

Comparison to other radices

A quinary multiplication table
× 1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 20
1 1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 20
2 2 4 11 13 20 22 24 31 33 40
3 3 11 14 22 30 33 41 44 102 110
4 4 13 22 31 40 44 103 112 121 130
10 10 20 30 40 100 110 120 130 140 200
11 11 22 33 44 110 121 132 143 204 220
12 12 24 41 103 120 132 144 211 223 240
13 13 31 44 112 130 143 211 224 242 310
14 14 33 102 121 140 204 223 242 311 330
20 20 40 110 130 200 220 240 310 330 400
Numbers zero to twenty-five in standard quinary
Quinary 0 1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 20 21 22
Binary 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quinary 23 24 30 31 32 33 34 40 41 42 43 44 100
Binary 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001
Decimal 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Fractions in quinary
Decimal (periodic part) Quinary (periodic part) Binary (periodic part)
1/2 = 0.5 1/2 = 0.2 1/10 = 0.1
1/3 = 0.3 1/3 = 0.13 1/11 = 0.01
1/4 = 0.25 1/4 = 0.1 1/100 = 0.01
1/5 = 0.2 1/10 = 0.1 1/101 = 0.0011
1/6 = 0.16 1/11 = 0.04 1/110 = 0.001
1/7 = 0.142857 1/12 = 0.032412 1/111 = 0.001
1/8 = 0.125 1/13 = 0.03 1/1000 = 0.001
1/9 = 0.1 1/14 = 0.023421 1/1001 = 0.000111
1/10 = 0.1 1/20 = 0.02 1/1010 = 0.00011
1/11 = 0.09 1/21 = 0.02114 1/1011 = 0.0001011101
1/12 = 0.083 1/22 = 0.02 1/1100 = 0.0001
1/13 = 0.076923 1/23 = 0.0143 1/1101 = 0.000100111011
1/14 = 0.0714285 1/24 = 0.013431 1/1110 = 0.0001
1/15 = 0.06 1/30 = 0.013 1/1111 = 0.0001
1/16 = 0.0625 1/31 = 0.0124 1/10000 = 0.0001
1/17 = 0.0588235294117647 1/32 = 0.0121340243231042 1/10001 = 0.00001111
1/18 = 0.05 1/33 = 0.011433 1/10010 = 0.0000111
1/19 = 0.052631578947368421 1/34 = 0.011242141 1/10011 = 0.000011010111100101
1/20 = 0.05 1/40 = 0.01 1/10100 = 0.000011
1/21 = 0.047619 1/41 = 0.010434 1/10101 = 0.000011
1/22 = 0.045 1/42 = 0.01032 1/10110 = 0.00001011101
1/23 = 0.0434782608695652173913 1/43 = 0.0102041332143424031123 1/10111 = 0.00001011001
1/24 = 0.0416 1/44 = 0.01 1/11000 = 0.00001
1/25 = 0.04 1/100 = 0.01 1/11001 = 0.00001010001111010111

Usage

Many languages use quinary number systems, including Gumatj, Nunggubuyu, Kuurn Kopan Noot, Luiseño, and Saraveca. Gumatj has been reported to be a true "5–25" language, in which 25 is the higher group of 5. The Gumatj numerals are shown below:

Number Base 5 Numeral
1 1 wanggany
2 2 marrma
3 3 lurrkun
4 4 dambumiriw
5 10 wanggany rulu
10 20 marrma rulu
15 30 lurrkun rulu
20 40 dambumiriw rulu
25 100 dambumirri rulu
50 200 marrma dambumirri rulu
75 300 lurrkun dambumirri rulu
100 400 dambumiriw dambumirri rulu
125 1000 dambumirri dambumirri rulu
625 10000 dambumirri dambumirri dambumirri rulu

However, Harald Hammarström reports that "one would not usually use exact numbers for counting this high in this language and there is a certain likelihood that the system was extended this high only at the time of elicitation with one single speaker," pointing to the Biwat language as a similar case (previously attested as 5-20, but with one speaker recorded as making an innovation to turn it 5-25).

Biquinary

In this section, the numerals are in decimal. For example, "5" means five, and "10" means ten.
Chinese Abacus or suanpan

A decimal system with two and five as a sub-bases is called biquinary and is found in Wolof and Khmer. Roman numerals are an early biquinary system. The numbers 1, 5, 10, and 50 are written as I, V, X, and L respectively. Seven is VII, and seventy is LXX. The full list of symbols is:

Roman I V X L C D M
Decimal 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

Note that these are not positional number systems. In theory, a number such as 73 could be written as IIIXXL (without ambiguity) and as LXXIII. To extend Roman numerals to beyond thousands, a vinculum (horizontal overline) was added, multiplying the letter value by a thousand, e.g. overlined M̅ was one million. There is also no sign for zero. But with the introduction of inversions like IV and IX, it was necessary to keep the order from most to least significant.

Many versions of the abacus, such as the suanpan and soroban, use a biquinary system to simulate a decimal system for ease of calculation. Urnfield culture numerals and some tally mark systems are also biquinary. Units of currencies are commonly partially or wholly biquinary.

Bi-quinary coded decimal is a variant of biquinary that was used on a number of early computers including Colossus and the IBM 650 to represent decimal numbers.

Calculators and programming languages

Few calculators support calculations in the quinary system, except for some Sharp models (including some of the EL-500W and EL-500X series, where it is named the pental system) since about 2005, as well as the open-source scientific calculator WP 34S.

See also

References

  1. ^ "SHARP" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  2. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2017-06-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ "SHARP" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-12. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald (March 26, 2010). "Rarities in numeral systems". Rethinking Universals. Vol. 45. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 11–60. doi:10.1515/9783110220933.11. ISBN 9783110220933. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  5. ^ Harris, John W. (December 1982). "Facts and fallacies of Aboriginal number system" (PDF). www1.aiatsis.gov.au. Work Papers of SIL-AAB. pp. 153–181. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2007. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  6. Dawson, James (1981). Australian aborigines : the languages and customs of several tribes of aborigines in the western district of Victoria, Australia. University of Michigan. Canberra City, ACT, Australia : Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies; Atlantic Highlands, NJ : Humanities Press . Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  7. Closs, Michael P. (1986). Native American Mathematics. ISBN 0-292-75531-7.

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