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Afghans

افغان‌ها (Dari) افغانان (Pashto)
Map of the Afghan diaspora:   Afghanistan   + 1,000,000   + 100,000   + 10,000   + 1,000
Total population
53 million (est.)
Regions with significant populations
Diaspora: 9,085,784+
Iran	c. 5 million (2023)
Pakistan	1,285,754 (2022)
Germany	425,000 (2022)
United States	300,000 (2022)
UAE	300,000 (2023)
Russia	150,000 (2017)
Turkey	129,323 (2021)
Canada	125,305 (2022)
France	124,830 (2023)
United Kingdom	79,000 (2019)
Sweden	67,738 (2023)
Australia	59,797 (2021)
The Netherlands	51,830 (2021)
Greece	21,456 (2021)
Ukraine	20,000 (2001)
Denmark	18,018 (2017)
India	15,806 (2021)
Austria	44,918 (2023)
Switzerland	14,523 (2021)
Finland	12,044 (2021)
Italy	11,121–12,096 (2021)
Norway	24,823 (2022)
Uzbekistan	10,000 (2022)
Israel	10,000 (2012)
Indonesia	7,629 (2021)
Tajikistan	6,775 (2021)
Brazil	6,181 (2024)
Qatar	4,000 (2012)
Japan	3,509 (2020)
New Zealand	3,414 (2013)
Malaysia	2,661 (2021)
Kazakhstan	2,500+ (2021)
Romania	2,384 (2020)
Kyrgyzstan	2,000 (2002)
Ireland	1,200 (2019)
Bhutan	300–2,500 (2018)
Portugal	883
Languages
Pashto, Dari and other languages of Afghanistan
Religion
Predominantly: Islam (Sunni majority and Shia minority) Minority: Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Baháʼí Faith
Related ethnic groups
Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks

Afghans (Dari: افغان‌ها; Pashto: افغانان) are the citizens and nationals of Afghanistan, as well as their descendants in the Afghan diaspora. The country is made up of various ethnic groups, of which Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks are the largest. The three main languages spoken among the Afghan people are Dari, Pashto, and Uzbek. Historically, the term "Afghan" was a Pashtun ethnonym, but later came to refer to all people in the country, regardless of their ethnicity.

Etymology

The earliest mention of the name Afghan (Abgân) is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE, In the 4th century, the word "Afghans/Afghana" (αβγανανο) as reference to the Pashtun people is mentioned in the Bactrian documents found in Northern Afghanistan. The word 'Afghan' is of Persian origin and refers to the Pashtun people. Some scholars suggest that the word "Afghan" is derived from the words awajan/apajan in Avestan and ava-Han/apa-Han in Sanskrit, which means "killing, striking, throwing and resisting, or defending." Under the Sasanians, and possibly the Parthian Empire, the word was used to refer to men of a certain Persian sect. In the past, several scholars sought a connection with "horse", Skt.aśva-, Av.aspa-, i.e. the Aśvaka or Aśvakayana, the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan, the ancient inhabitants of the Hindu Kush region. Some have theorized that the name of the Aśvakan or Assakan has been preserved in that of the modern Pashtun, with the name Afghan being derived from Asvakan.

As an adjective, the word Afghan also means "of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, language or culture". According to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan, all Afghans citizens are equal in rights and obligations before the law. The fourth article of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, which was valid until 2021, states that citizens of Afghanistan consist of Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Baloch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Aimaq, Arab, Kyrgyz, Qizilbash, Gurjar, Brahui, and members of other ethnicities. There are political disputes regarding this: there are members of the non-Pashtun ethnicities of Afghanistan that reject the term Afghan being applied to them, and there are Pashtuns in Pakistan that wish to have the term Afghan applied to them.

Usage as an ethnonym

The pre-nation state, historical ethnonym Afghan was used to refer to a member of the Pashtun ethnic group. Due to the changing political nature of the state, the meaning has changed, and the term has shifted to refer to the national identity of people from Afghanistan of all ethnicities.

From a more limited, ethnological point of view, "Afḡhān" is the term by which the Persian-speakers of Afghanistan (and the non-Pashtō-speaking ethnic groups generally) designate the Pashtūn. The equation Afghans = Pashtūn has been propagated all the more, both in and beyond Afghanistan, because the Pashtūn tribal confederation has maintained its hegemony in the country, numerically and politically.

Variations

The less common Afghanistani (افغانستانی) is an alternative identity marker for citizens of Afghanistan. The term "Afghanistani" refers to someone who is a citizen of Afghanistan, regardless of race, ethnicity or religion. In multiethnic Afghanistan, the term "Afghan" has always been associated with the Pashtun people. Some non-Pashtun citizens such as the Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks equate the term with Pashtun hegemony and the risk of having their own ethnic identities erased by it. The term Afghanistani has been used among some refugees and diasporas, particularly among non-Pashtuns.

The term Afghani refers to the unit of Afghan currency. The term is also often used in the English language (and appears in some dictionaries) for a person or thing related to Afghanistan, although some have expressed the opinion that this usage is incorrect. The reason for this usage might be because the term "Afghani" (افغانی) is in fact a valid demonym for Afghans in the overall Persian language, whereas "Afghan" is derived from Pashto. Thus, "Afghan" is the anglicized form of "Afghani" when translating from Dari Persian, but not from Pashto. Another variant is Afghanese, which has been seldom used in place of Afghan.

Ethnicities

Afghans come from various ethnic backgrounds. The largest ethnic groups are Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks, who make up approximately 95% of the population of Afghanistan. They are of diverse origins including of Iranic, Turkic or Mongolic ethnolinguistic roots.

Religions

The Afghan people of all ethnicities are predominantly and traditionally followers of Islam, of whom around 90% are of Sunni and 10% the Shia branch. Other religious minorities include the Afghan Hindus, Afghan Sikhs, Afghan Zoroastrians, Afghan Jews and Afghan Christians.

Culture

Afghan culture has existed for over three millennia, dating back to the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE. Afghans have both common cultural features and those that differ between regions with each of the 34 provinces having its own unique distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country. Afghanistan's culture is historically linked to nearby Persia, including both countries following the Islamic religion, the Solar Hijri calendar and speaking similar languages, this is due to Iran and Afghanistan being culturally close to each other for thousands of years.

See also

• Demographics of Afghanistan
• Afghan (ethnonym)
• Name of Afghanistan
• Afghan diaspora

References

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Sources

• Fikrat, Mohammad Asef; Umar, Suheyl (2008). "Afghan". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.

External links

• Media related to People of Afghanistan at Wikimedia Commons
• Afghan News

• Afghan people
• Exonyms