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v t e

Kindness is a type of behavior marked by acts of generosity, consideration, rendering assistance, or concern for others, without expecting praise or reward in return. It is a subject of interest in philosophy, religion, and psychology.

In Book II of Rhetoric, Aristotle defines kindness as "helpfulness towards someone in need, not in return for anything, nor for the advantage of the helper himself, but for that of the person helped". Friedrich Nietzsche considered kindness and love to be the "most curative herbs and agents in human intercourse". Kindness is one of the Knightly Virtues. In Meher Baba's teachings, God is synonymous with kindness: "God is so kind that it is impossible to imagine His unbounded kindness!"

History

In English, the word kindness dates from approximately 1300, though the word's sense evolved to its current meanings in the late 1300s.

In society

Human mate choice studies suggest that both men and women value kindness in their prospective mates, along with intelligence, physical appearance, attractiveness, and age.

In psychology

Studies at Yale University using games with babies concluded that kindness is inherent to human beings. There are similar studies about the root of empathy in infancy – with motor mirroring developing in the early months of life, and leading (optimally) to the concern shown by children for their peers in distress.

Barbara Taylor and Adam Phillips stressed the element of necessary realism in adult kindness, as well as the way "real kindness changes people in the doing of it, often in unpredictable ways".

Behaving kindly may improve a person's measurable well-being. Many studies have tried to test the hypothesis that doing something kind makes a person better off. A meta-analysis of 27 such studies found that the interventions studied (usually measuring short-term effects after brief acts of kindness, in WEIRD research subjects) supported the hypothesis that acting more kindly improves your well-being.

Weaponized kindness

Some thinkers have suggested that kindness can be weaponized to discourage enemies:

If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink; for by doing so thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head.

— Proverbs 25:21–22

You should respond with kindness toward evil done to you, and you will destroy in an evil person that pleasure which he derives from evil.

— Leo Tolstoy

Teaching kindness

Kindness is most often taught from parents to children and is learned through observation and some direct teaching. Studies have shown that through programs and interventions kindness can be taught and encouraged during the first 20 years of life. Further studies show that kindness interventions can help improve well-being with comparable results as teaching gratitude. Similar findings have shown that organizational level teaching of kindness can improve the well-being of adults in college.

See also

• Altruism – Principle or practice of concern for the welfare of others
• Compassion – Moved or motivated to help others
• Empathy – Capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing
• Generosity – Liberal in giving
• Good – Concept in religion, ethics, and philosophy
• Good faith – Intention to be fair, open, and honest
• Kindness Day UK
• Moral character – Steady moral qualities in people
• Moral emotions – Variety of social emotions
• Reciprocity – Repayment in kind
• Pay it forward – Expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others
• Random act of kindness – Nonpremeditated act to cheer up another
• Random Acts of Kindness Day – A day to celebrate kindlness
• r/K selection theory – Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
• The Kindness Offensive – North London group known for random acts of kindnessPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• World Kindness Day – International observance on 13 November

References

1. Aristotle. Rhetoric. Translated by Roberts, W. Rhys. Book 2, chapter 7. Archived from the original on December 13, 2004. Retrieved 2005-11-22.
2. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1996) . "On the History of Moral Feelings". Menschliches, Allzumenschiles [Human, all too human: a book for free spirits]. Translated by Faber, Marion; Lehman, Stephen. University of Nebraska Press. Aphorism 48.
3. Singla, Parvesh. "Character". The Manual of Life: Understanding Karma/Right Action. Parvesh singla – via Google Books.
4. Kalchuri, Bhau (1986). Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher. Vol. 11. Myrtle Beach: Manifestation, Inc. p. 3918.
5. "kindness". Online Etymology Dictionary.
6. • Buss, David M.; et al. (1992). "Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology". Psychological Science. 3 (4): 251–255. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00038.x. S2CID 27388562.
   • Gleitman, Henry; Gross, James; Reisberg, Daniel (2011). Psychology (8th ed.). W.W. Norton & co. ISBN 9780393932508.
7. "Can Babies Tell Right From Wrong?, Babies at Yale University's Infant Cognition Center respond to "naughty" and "nice" puppets". New York Times (TimesVideo). May 5, 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12.
8. Goleman, Daniel (1989-03-28). "Researchers Trace Empathy's Roots to Infancy". New York Times. p. C1.
9. Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional Intelligence. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 98–99.
10. ^ Phillips, Adam; Taylor, Barbara (2009). On Kindness. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
11. Curry, Oliver Scott; Rowland, Lee A.; Van Lissa, Caspar J.; Zlotowitz, Sally; McAlaney, John; Whitehouse, Harvey (2018). "Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 76: 320–329. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.014.
12. Tolstoy, Leo (1910). "January 30". A Calendar of Wisdom.
13. Malti, Tina (2021-09-03). "Kindness: a perspective from developmental psychology". European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 18 (5): 629–657. doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1837617. ISSN 1740-5629. S2CID 228970189.
14. Datu, Jesus Alfonso D.; Valdez, Jana Patricia M.; McInerney, Dennis M.; Cayubit, Ryan Francis (May 2022). "The effects of gratitude and kindness on life satisfaction, positive emotions, negative emotions, and COVID-19 anxiety: An online pilot experimental study". Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being. 14 (2): 347–361. doi:10.1111/aphw.12306. ISSN 1758-0846. PMC 8652666. PMID 34668323.
15. Datu, Jesus Alfonso D.; Lin, Xunyi (June 2022). "The Mental Health Benefits of kind University Climate: Perception of Kindness at University Relates to Longitudinal Increases in Well-Being". Applied Research in Quality of Life. 17 (3): 1663–1680. doi:10.1007/s11482-021-09981-z. ISSN 1871-2584. S2CID 255275797.

Further reading

• Brownlie, Julie (2024). "How kindness took a hold: A sociology of emotions, attachment and everyday enchantment". The British Journal of Sociology.
• Keltner, Dacher; DiSalvo, David (January 2017). "Forget Survival of the Fittest: It Is Kindness That Counts". Scientific American. A psychologist probes how altruism, Darwinism, and neurobiology mean that we can succeed by not being cutthroat.

External links

• The dictionary definition of kindness at Wiktionary
• A UK independent, not-for-profit organisation
• Random Acts of Kindness Foundation
• Video with quotes about Kindness, from Wikiquote

v t e Seven virtues in Christian ethics
Four cardinal virtues	Prudence (Prudentia) Justice (Iustitia) Fortitude (Fortitudo) Temperance (Temperantia) Sources: Plato Republic, Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas
Three theological virtues	Faith (Fides) Hope (Spes) Love (Caritas) Sources: Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13
Seven lively virtues versus Seven deadly sins	Chastity (Castitas) Temperance (Temperantia) Charity (Caritas) Diligence (Diligentia) Kindness (Humanitas) Patience (Patientia) Humility (Humilitas) Lust (Luxuria) Gluttony (Gula) Greed (Avaritia) Sloth (Acedia) Wrath (Ira) Envy (Invidia) Pride (Superbia) Source: Prudentius, Psychomachia People: Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld
Related concepts	Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology
Christian philosophy

v t e Emotions (list)
Emotions	Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Belongingness Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Emotion work Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Joie de vivre Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Ikigai (sense of purpose) Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence at first sight Lust Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Revenge Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Social connection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder sense of wonder Worry
Worldviews	Cynicism Defeatism Fatalism Misanthropy Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz
Related	Affect consciousness in education measures in psychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appeal to emotion Amygdala hijack Emotion and art and memory and music and sex and sleep classification evolution expressed functional accounts group homeostatic in animals perception recognition in conversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression and gender intelligence and bullying Empathy quotient intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security symbiosis thought method well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions and culture history in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Feeling Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Jealousy in art Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect appraisal constructed emotion discrete emotion somatic marker
Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages

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• Giving
• Virtue
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