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Personalized learning (also named individualized instruction, personal learning place or direct instruction) refers to efforts to tailor education to meet the different needs of students.

Overview

The use of the term "personalized learning" dates back to at least the early 1960s, but there is no widespread agreement on the definition and components of a personal learning environment. Even enthusiasts for the concept admit that personal learning is an evolving term and doesn't have any widely accepted definition.

In 2005, Dan Buckley defined two ends of the personalized learning spectrum: "personalization for the learner", in which the teacher tailors the learning, and "personalization by the learner", in which the learner develops skills to tailor his own learning. This spectrum was adopted by the (2006) Microsoft's Practical Guide to Envisioning and Transforming Education.

Definitions

The United States National Education Technology Plan 2017 defines personalized learning as follows:

Personalized learning refers to instruction in which the pace of learning and the instructional approach are optimized for the needs of each learner. Learning objectives, instructional approaches, and instructional content (and its sequencing) may all vary based on learner needs. In addition, learning activities are meaningful and relevant to learners, driven by their interests, and often self-initiated.

Typically technology is used to try to facilitate personalized learning environments.

AI is often used as a source to develop personalized learning programs for students. New studies are coming out that suggest that AI may be a top source for creating quick individual based learning programs.

According to researcher Eduard Pogorskiy:

ICT can be a powerful tool for personalized learning as it allows learners access to research and information, and provides a mechanism for communication, debate, and recording learning achievements. However, personalized learning is not exclusive to digital technologies or environments. In the rhetoric around 21st Century Skills, personalized learning is often equated with 'customization' (as found in the business world), with digital personalization used to frame the learning experience as highly efficient. Problematic in this is the discounting of the highly relational and socially constructed space well defined in the research on learning. Narrowing personalized learning to its digital form also raises the concern of the echo chamber effect emerging in (hyper)personalized online experiences.

Instructional design

Proponents of personalized learning say that many elements of curriculum, assessment, and instructional design must be present in classrooms for students to succeed and often use software systems to manage and facilitate student-led instruction. Proponents argue that classroom learning activities must build upon students' prior knowledge and teachers need to allocate time for practice. Advocates argue that teachers must continuously assess student learning against clearly defined standards and goals, and student input into the assessment process is integral.

In the same token, it is critical for the students to find whatever method of learning works for them. Young minds are fresh slates, open minds ready to learn. But as different as each person is, so are there learning strategies and habits. Some students may be visual learners, some auditory or hands-on learners. Some may need to take an idea chunk by chunk while others can hear the whole idea and have it locked in their memory with full understanding. However, determining how a student learns can be time-consuming. Leading to a less efficient use of time in the classroom and may lead to the student falling behind. It is essential to create a learning process that helps all the students while being efficient and without leaving any student out.

Conferring

As stated above by the 2017 United States National Education Technology Plan, "Personalized learning refers to instruction in which the pace of learning and the instructional approach are optimized the needs for each learner." Conferring is a process in which this can be accomplished. Conferring, as defined by Julie Kallio, is a "regular, goal-oriented meeting between the teacher and student(s) where they talk about learning progress, process, and/or products." Conferring, more simply, is a way to provide more personalized feedback.

Learning, in any context, requires some form of feedback. In schools, most feedback is thought of as specifically feedback between the teacher and the student. The idea of providing feedback to advance student learning is best understood in the framework of the "zone of proximal development" or ZPD. Psychologist Lev Vygotski has defined the ZPD as "the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers". More plainly, a student has a certain level they can achieve by themselves and with support they are able to achieve a higher level of learning. However, there is still some level in which the student is incapable of reaching, no matter what support is provided. For example, a student may be working on double digit addition. Their current knowledge may already provide them with the skills to move on to triple digit addition without any help. If the student is introduced to multiplication, however, they will need help to understand that multiplication is a quicker way to represent the same number being added onto itself a defined number of times. Where this help occurs is the student's ZPD. Even with help though, it is not reasonable to expect the student to learn how to solve a calculus problem. The struggle for teachers is how to provide the right amount of help to each student. If a teacher provides information to the whole class too quickly, some students are left behind trying to figure out the first step. Conversely, if a teacher provides information to the whole class too slowly, some students will finish rapidly and be left with nothing to do. Conferring is a tool that teachers have used to help mitigate that issue.

Conferring first gained prominence in the book One to one: the art of conferring with young writers by Lucy Calkins, Amanda Hartman, and Zoe Ryder White. In the work, Calkins and her co-writers describe how effective writing workshops for students included individual writing conferences (conferring), where teachers would sit and talk with their students about their writing. Per the book, "Conferring can give us the force that makes our mini-lessons and curriculum development and assessment and everything else more powerful. It gives us an endless resource of teaching wisdom, an endless source of accountability, a system of checks and balances. And, it gives us laughter and human connection -the understanding of our children that gives spirit to our teaching." Calkins believed that there were three main components to every conferring session: Research, Decide, and Teach. Research focused on where the student was in their current writing, Decide would help the teacher choose what to teach the student, and Teach would use modeling and guiding practice to further advance student learning. In their book The Writing Workshop, Katie Wood Ray and Lester L. Laminack added a fourth component in where after the teaching portion, the student and/or the teacher would "Make a Record". This modified model can be thought in the terms of: research, decide, teach, record. The benefits of using conferring have been documented in a couple of studies.

Using a mix method case study approach in observing a group of 4th grade students, Javaye Devette Stubbs posed the question: "How does the implementation of one-on-one conferring promote higher order thinking skills in students with difficulties in reading?" The results from her pre and post-test found that "even those with reading difficulties did show a significant gain in higher order thinking skills". In a separate study, the educator Antony Smith examined the effectiveness of using teacher-student writing conference for English language learners (ELLs). Observing two students who were ELLs in a second-grade classroom working on a book project, Smith found that the work produced "looks similar to what is produced by native English speakers". Smith later suggests that the success of the two students were largely tied to the writing conferences, and goes on to state that writing conferences are the "heart of the writing process, and with this in mind, the potential of the teacher-student writing conference becomes clear".

The information can be summarized into three main takeaways. First, building student knowledge is dependent on the current level of knowledge the student has and what kind of support they are provided. Second, conferring is a model that can provide student support through a structured four-part process. Third, conferring has been shown to increase student learning in both reading and writing.

Debate

Andy Hargreaves and Dennis Shirley write that while there are advantages in students being able to access information instantly on-line, one should not mistake such processes for "something deeper, more challenging, and more connected to compelling issues in their world and their lives".

Alfie Kohn wrote that while personalized learning may sound like a useful strategy for education, in practice it is mostly just about selling technology products. Personalized learning promises a strategy to specifically adjust education to the unique needs and skills of individual children, he argued, but really it means merely "adjusting the difficulty level of prefabricated skills-based exercises based on students' test scores... requires the purchase of software from one of those companies that can afford full-page ads in Education Week". While "certain forms of technology can be used to support progressive education", Kohn wrote, "...meaningful (and truly personal) learning never requires technology. Therefore, if an idea like personalization is presented from the start as entailing software or a screen, we ought to be extremely skeptical about who really benefits."

Next steps for research

Dr. Ces'Ari Garcia-Delmuro advocated in her research on personalized learning for other researchers to continue including teacher voice in their studies of personalized learning programs as a way to improve these programs for teachers and students. She said more studies should be conducted that focus on other low SES schools implementing personalized learning. Furthermore, donors that are giving to the advancement of personalized learning need to consult new research to ensure that they are donating to programs that benefit all students including those who belong to vulnerable populations (students in special education, bilingual emergent students, and students of low socioeconomic status), not just those students who are able to self-direct. In future research, it is important to continue to study these schools who are piloting personalized learning to see how their needs change over time. Because these programs are still relatively new, it would be helpful to understand the perceptions of teachers who are using these programs for five years or longer to continue assisting teacher and school sites as they mature in their personalized learning use. Additionally, research which compares teacher perception of personalized learning compared to student academic outcomes will be helpful once schools new to personalized learning overcome their fifth year of implementation.

See also

• Adaptive learning
• Blended learning
• Flip teaching
• Gradual release of responsibility
• Mastery learning
• School of one
• School organizational models
• Teachers College Reading and Writing Project

References

1. Epstein, Sam; Epstein, Beryl (1961). The First Book of Teaching Machines. Danbury, CT: Franklin Watts, Inc. Programs can only be designed by highly trained human beings who, through the teaching machine, can reach countless students and enable each to take an active role in a highly personalized learning environment.
2. Fiedler, Sebastian H. D.; Väljataga, Terje (October 2011). "Personal Learning Environments: Concept or Technology?". International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments. 2 (4): 1–11. doi:10.4018/jvple.2011100101.
3. "7 Things You Should Know About Personal Learning Environments". EDUCAUSE Library. 12 May 2009.
4. Wilson, Lex; Buckley, Dan (2006). The Personalisation by Pieces Framework: A Framework for the Incremental Transformation of Pedagogy Towards Greater Learner Empowerment in Schools. ISBN 978-0-9543147-4-3.
5. "Reimagining the Role of Technology in Education: 2017 National Education Technology Plan Update". Retrieved Jan 19, 2017.
6. Al-Zoube, Mohammed (2009). "E-Learning on the Cloud" (PDF). International Arab Journal of E-Technology. 1 (2): 58–64.
7. Pogorskiy, E. (2015). "Using personalisation to improve the effectiveness of global educational projects". E-Learning and Digital Media. 12 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1177/2042753014558378.
8. Zheng, Lanqin; Long, Miaolang; Zhong, Lu; Gyasi, Juliana Fosua (September 2022). "The effectiveness of technology-facilitated personalized learning on learning achievements and learning perceptions: a meta-analysis". Education and Information Technologies. 27 (8): 11807–11830. doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11092-7. ProQuest 2727851523.
9. Patrick, Susan; Kennedy, Kathryn; Powell, Allison (Oct 2013). Mean what you say: Defining and integrating personalized, blended and competency education (Report). International Association for K-12 Online Learning. Retrieved Mar 10, 2016.
10. Lindgren, Robb; McDaniel, Rudy (2012). "Transforming Online Learning through Narrative and Student Agency". Journal of Educational Technology & Society. 15 (4): 344–355. JSTOR jeductechsoci.15.4.344. Gale A310150662 ProQuest 1287024900.
11. Herrington, Jan; Oliver, Ron (2000). "An Instructional Design Framework for Authentic Learning Environments". Educational Technology Research and Development. 48 (3): 23–48. doi:10.1007/BF02319856. JSTOR 30220266. ProQuest 218033590.
12. "Grand Challenges - Advance Personalized Learning". www.engineeringchallenges.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
13. ^ Vygotsky, L. S.; Cole, Michael (1978). Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-57629-2.
14. ^ Calkins, Lucy; Hartman, Amanda; White, Zoë (2005). One to One: The Art of Conferring with Young Writers. Heinemann. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-325-00788-5.
15. Ray, Katie Wood; Laminack, Lester L. (2001). The Writing Workshop: Working Through the Hard Parts (and They're All Hard Parts). National Council of Teachers of English. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8141-1317-2.
16. ^ Stubbs, Javaye Devette (2016). The benefit of conferring (Thesis). ProQuest 1858793307.
17. ^ Smith, Antony. "School of Education at Johns Hopkins University-Conferring with Young Second-Language Writers: Keys to Success". education.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
18. "conferring in high school". Three Teachers Talk. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
19. Hargreaves, Andy; Shirley, Dennis L. (2009). The Fourth Way: The Inspiring Future for Educational Change. Corwin Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4129-7637-4.
20. Kohn, Alfie (24 February 2015). "Four Reasons to Worry About 'Personalized Learning'". Psychology Today.
21. Garcia-Delmuro, C. R. (2019). Teacher Experience with Personalized Learning: Training, Program Elements, and Teacher Role at Two Low SES Schools (Thesis). Los Angeles: UCLA.

• Pedagogy
• Educational practices