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Tree martin
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Hirundinidae
Genus:	Petrochelidon
Species:	P. nigricans
Binomial name
Petrochelidon nigricans (Vieillot, 1817)

The tree martin (Petrochelidon nigricans) is a member of the swallow family of passerine birds. It breeds in Australia, mostly south of latitude 20°S and on Timor island. It is migratory, wintering through most of Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia east of the Wallace Line and the Solomon Islands. It is a vagrant to New Zealand, where it has bred, and New Caledonia. This species is frequently placed in the genus Hirundo as Hirundo nigricans.

This is a bird of open woodland, preferably with large trees to provide nest holes. It is increasingly common in urban and suburban areas.

Taxonomy

The tree martin was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot under the binomial name Hirundo nigricans. The specific epithet is Latin meaning "blackish". Vieillot gave the type locality as "Nouvelle-Hollande" (New South Wales) but this has been corrected to Hobart, Tasmania. The tree martin is now one of ten swallows placed in the genus Petrochelidon that was introduced in 1851 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis.

Three subspecies are recognised:

• P. n. timoriensis Sharpe, 1885 – the smallest subspecies, breeds on Sumba, Timor and Alor Island (southwest, east Lesser Sunda Islands). It has dark streaks on the throat and neck.
• P. n. neglecta Mathews, 1912 – breeds in western and northern Australia. It is slightly smaller than nominate nigricans at 11–12 cm (4.3–4.7 in) in length.
• P. n. nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) – the largest subspecies, breeds in eastern Australia, except northern Queensland and Tasmania. It is the form that has bred in New Zealand.

Description

The tree martin averages 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and has a shallowly forked tail. The adult has an iridescent blue back and crown, brown wings and tail, a rufous forehead and a whitish rump. The underparts are white. The sexes are similar, but young birds are duller and browner, with a paler forehead and pale fringes to the back and wing feathers.

The call of this vocal swallow is a tsweet and the song is a high-pitched twitter.

This species can be distinguished from other Australian swallows by its tail shape and pale rump. The most similar species, the fairy martin, has a rufous head and nape.

Behaviour

Tree martins breed, depending on region, from July through to January, either in pairs or semi-colonially depending on nest site availability. Nests are constructed in natural holes in dead trees or rock crevices, but increasingly in artificial sites on bridges and buildings. This is most common in western Australia, where breeding occurs even in large cities like Adelaide and Perth. Tree martins also occasionally reline the nests of welcome swallows, and may displace the owners to obtain the nest.

The nest, unusually for a cliff swallow, is often made just from grass and leaves, but may be reinforced with mud. A mud and plant fibre cement is also used to reduce the width of the entrance to the breeding hole. The clutch is 3–5, usually four, brown and mauve-spotted white eggs, and this species is often double-brooded.

Tree martins have a fast twisting flight and feed higher than welcome swallows, often more than 6 m above the ground. They are frequently seen above the canopy of tall eucalyptus trees catching aerial insects, but will also feed on insect swarms low over water. This species can be highly gregarious when not breeding, and will form mixed flocks with fairy martins.

• with nesting material, South Bruny
• Maria Island
• Tree martin with two hungry chicks.

References

1. BirdLife International (2017). "Petrochelidon nigricans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22712449A118751748. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22712449A118751748.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1817). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc (in French). Vol. 14 (Nouvelle édition ed.). Paris: Deterville. p. 523.
3. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
4. Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 120.
5. Mathews, Gregory M. (1913). "Additions and corrections to my reference list". Austral Avian Record. 2 (8): 63-71 .
6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Swallows". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
7. ^ Turner, Angela K.; Rose, Chris (1989). Swallows & Martins: An Identification Guide and Handbook. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 210–212. ISBN 0-395-51174-7.

Further reading

• Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Cowling, S.J., eds. (2006). "Hirundo nigricans Tree martin" (PDF). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7, Boatbill to Starlings, Part 7B, Dunnock to Starling. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 1553–1568. ISBN 978-0-19-553996-7.

• IUCN Red List least concern species
• Petrochelidon
• Birds of Australia
• Birds of Timor
• Birds described in 1817
• Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot