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Physica (Hildegard)

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12th-century text by Hildegard of Bingen

The Physica (Medicine), also known as the Liber simplicis medicine (Book of Simple Medicine), is a 12th-century medical text by Hildegard of Bingen.

Publication history

Hildegard of Bingen served as an infirmarian at her first monastery and was well-acquainted with various medical traditions. What was subsequently given the conventional title of Physica, or Medicine, by Johannes Schott is part of Hildegard's lost medical collection, the Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem (Nine Books on the Subtleties of Different Kinds of Creatures), written between 1151 and 1158.

In 1222, Gebeno [de], prior of the Cistercian monastery at Eberbach, claimed in the foreword of his Speculum futurorum temporum (Mirror of Future Times; a compilation of prophecies by Hildegard) that she had written a "book of simple medicine" (librum simplicis medicine). A decade later, the Physica (under the title of Liber simplicis medicine) was submitted to Rome as part of Hildegard's canonisation inquiry, alongside the Liber composite medicine (Book of Compound Medicine), another entry in Hildegard's Subtilitatum.

The Physica survives in at least nine manuscripts dating from as early as the thirteenth century, five of which contain the full text.

Content

The Physica comprises nine books on plants (230 chapters), elements (63 chapters), trees (63 chapters), stones (26 chapters), fish (37 chapters), birds (72 chapters), animals (45 chapters), reptiles (18 chapters), and metals (8 chapters). Each chapter discusses the medicinal properties of an entity based on the ideas of hot, cold, wet, and dry.

Legacy

According to Lois N. Magner, the Physica was "probably the first book by a female author to discuss the elements and the therapeutic virtues of plants, animals, and metals", as well as the first book on natural history composed in Germany.

Notes

  1. This text is now conventionally referred to as Cause et cure (Causes and Cures).
  2. Namely various types of air, "water" (rivers), and "earth" (such as calamine and clay).
  3. Possibly including certain unidentified flying insects.
  4. Namely various quadrupeds.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Hozeski 2001, p. x.
  2. Sweet 2014, p. 222.
  3. ^ Wallis 2021, p. 146.
  4. ^ Magner 1992, p. 109.
  5. Wallis 2021, p. 147.
  6. Wallis 2021, p. 144.
  7. Wallis 2021, p. 148.
  8. ^ Kitchell & Resnick 1998, p. 28.
  9. Wallis 2021, p. 156.
  10. ^ Kitchell & Resnick 1998, p. 29.
  11. ^ Kitchell & Resnick 1998, p. 30.
  12. ^ Kitchell & Resnick 1998, p. 33.
  13. Wallis 2021, p. 155.
  14. Kitchell & Resnick 1998, p. 43.
  15. ^ Kitchell & Resnick 1998, p. 45.

Works cited

  • Hozeski, Bruce W. (2001). Hildegard's Healing Plants. Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807021088.
  • Magner, Lois N. (1992). A History of Medicine. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824786731.
  • Kitchell, Kenneth F.; Resnick, Irven M. (1998). "Hildegard as Medieval "Zoologist": The Animals of the Physica". In Maud McInerny (ed.). Hildegard of Bingen: A Casebook. Garland Publishing Company. pp. 25–52.
  • Sweet, Victoria (2014). "Hildegard of Bingen". Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9781135459321.
  • Wallis, Faith (2021). "Hildegard of Bingen: Illness and Healing". In Jennifer Bain (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–169. ISBN 9781108471350.
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