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Plasmodium relictum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Apicomplexa
Class:	Aconoidasida
Order:	Haemospororida
Family:	Plasmodiidae
Genus:	Plasmodium
Subgenus:	Haemamoeba
Species:	P. relictum
Binomial name
Plasmodium relictum Grassi & Feletti, 1891
Synonyms
Haemamoeba majoris Laveran, 1902 (partim) Haemamoeba relicta Grassi and Feletti, 1891 Haemoproteus alaudae Celli and Sanfelice, 1891 (partim) Plasmodium alaudae (Celli and Sanfelice, 1891) emend. Garnham, 1966 Plasmodium biziurae (Gilruth, Sweet and Dodd, 1910) emend. Coatney and Roudabush, 1936 Plasmodium capistrani Russell, 1932 Plasmodium chloropsidis Mello, 1935 Plasmodium grassii Labbé, 1894, emend. Coatney and Roudabush, 1936 Plasmodium inconstans Hartman, 1927 Plasmodium maior Raffaele, 1930 Plasmodium majoris Lühe, 1906 Plasmodium muniae (Das Gupta and Siddons, 1941) emend. Garnham, 1966 Plasmodium paddae Brumpt, 1935 Plasmodium passeris Johnston and Cleland, 1909 Plasmodium pericrocoti Chakravarty and Kar, 1945 Plasmodium ploceii Chakravarty and Kar, 1945 Plasmodium praecox var. muniae Das Gupta and Siddons, 1941 Plasmodium relictum biziurae Gilruth, Sweet and Dodd, 1910, emend. Garnham, 1966 Plasmodium relictum capistranoae Russell, 1932, emend. Garnham, 1966 Plasmodium relictum spheniscidae Fantham and Porter, 1944, emend. Garnham, 1966 Plasmodium relictum var. spheniscidae Fantham and Porter, 1944 Proteosoma biziurae Gilruth, Sweet and Dodd, 1910 Proteosoma grassii Labbé, 1894

Plasmodium relictum is a species in the genus Plasmodium, subgenus Haemamoeba.

It is a parasite, and the most common cause of malaria in birds.

Like all Plasmodium species, P. relictum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

Distribution

P. relictum is geographically widespread, and is the most widespread malaria parasite of birds. Climate change is broadening its distribution further and is expected to continue to do so, including into higher elevations.

Hosts

Avian

P. relictum infects a wide variety of birds including birds from various orders. Infections in numerous wild birds and experimental animals have been described including partridges, canaries, chickens, ducks, pigeons and Spheniscus magellanicus (Magellanic penguins). Experimental attempts to infect owls were not successful, suggesting owls may not be susceptible to P. relictum.

Vector

Culex quinquefasciatus, Cu. stigmatosoma and Cu. tarsalis.

References

1. ^ "Plasmodium relictum". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
2. ^ Valkiunas, Gediminas (28 October 2004). Avian Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia. CRC Press. p. 592. ISBN 9780203643792.
3. ^ LaPointe, Dennis A.; Atkinson, Carter T.; Samuel, Michael D. (2012). "Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1249 (1). NYAS (WB): 211–226. Bibcode:2012NYASA1249..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06431.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 22320256. S2CID 1885904.
4. Braga, Érika Martins; Silveira, Patricia; Belo, Nayara Oliveira; Valkiūnas, Gediminas (2011). "Recent advances in the study of avian malaria: an overview with an emphasis on the distribution of Plasmodium spp in Brazil". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 106 (suppl 1). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 3–11. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762011000900002. hdl:1807/58966. ISSN 0074-0276. PMID 21881752. S2CID 18213564.
5. Valkiūnas, Gediminas (2005). Avian Malaria Parasites And Other Haemosporidia. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. x+932+III Plates. ISBN 978-0-415-30097-1. OCLC 55066316. ISBN 978-0-203-64379-2. OCLC 70294116.

Further reading

• Valkiūnas, Gediminas; Iezhova, Tatjana A. (2018-05-29). "Keys to the avian malaria parasites". Malaria Journal. 17 (1). BioMed Central: 212. doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2359-5. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 5975542. PMID 29843718. (GV ORCID: 0000-0003-0594-0280).

External links

• "How Malaria Hurts Birds". Audubon Society. 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
• Diseases of Terrestrial Wildlife (2018-10-18). "Avian Malaria". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

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