Misplaced Pages

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Misplaced Pages's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2021) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Misplaced Pages's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Australia is driven mostly by state-based electric vehicle targets and monetary incentives to support the adoption and deployment of low- or zero-emission vehicles. The monetary incentives include electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation, energy providers, car loan providers and car insurance providers also offer their own financial incentives for electric vehicle purchases including Macquarie Bank offering the lowest electric car loan of 2.99%.

The Victorian and New South Wales governments target between 50% and 53% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2030. The New South Wales Government also aim for the vast majority of new cars sold in the state to be electric vehicles by 2035. The New South Wales Government are also planning and stated they must ban the sale of internal combustion-engine vehicles by 2035. Similarly, the Victorian Government's "Infrastructure Victoria" initiative called for the government to ban the sale of petrol and diesel engine vehicles by 2035 at the latest. South Australia's Liberal government aim for 100% of new car sales to be electric vehicles by 2035, and plan to ensure electric vehicles are mainstream and the "common choice" for new vehicle purchases in 2030. The ACT also plan for 100% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. The Australian states with EV sales targets represent approximately 65% of the Australian population. This means 65% of the Australian population has a target to reach more than 50% EV car sales by 2030. However, this target could be reached sooner if the two largest states governments of New South Wales and Victoria enact their plan to ban the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles by 2035. The Australian government is planning and anticipating to have 1.7 million electric cars on the road by 2030. High adoption of electric vehicles could save Australian drivers $500 billion by 2035. While a slow uptake of electric vehicles would result in a 1 trillion cost to the Australian health system by 2050. Although air pollution would cause the deaths of at least 2500 people across Sydney and Melbourne in the year 2030, even if the federal government swiftly clamped down on poisonous car fuels.

A Federal Government target for 100% of car sales to be electric vehicles before 2050 could also be included in the Federal Government's National Electric Vehicle Strategy. This is because Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated in 2021 that the government's goal is to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, which would require a national transition to 100% electric vehicles before 2050. Scott Morrison also delivered a target for Australia to reach net-zero emissions by 2050 to the 2021 UN Climate Conference. Australia also backed the COP26 Breakthrough Agenda for electric vehicles to be the "new normal" worldwide by 2030. 60% of Australians also supported a net-zero emissions target by 2050. The New South Wales treasurer, Matt Kean, said the federal Nationals should resign if they didn't support a national target for net-zero emissions by 2050. To reach net-zero emissions by 2050, electric vehicles will also need to represent 50% of car sales by 2035. Although the Federal Government's projection in 2021, is for 30% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030. While Labor project 90% of new car sales to be EVs by 2030.

Evolution of electric vehicle market

Early development

In 2008 Australia started producing its first commercial all-electric vehicle. Originally called the Blade Runner, its name was changed to Electron, and was exported to New Zealand with one purchased by the then Environment Minister Dr. Nick Smith. The Electron is based on the Hyundai Getz and has proven popular with government car pools. In 2012, Holden Australia developed an Australian-made Electric Commodore in partnership with EV Engineering with 160 km range in Port Melbourne.

Better Place

In October 2008, Better Place announced plans to deploy charging network to power electric cars in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in partnership with Australian power company AGL and finance group Macquarie Capital. The initial network deployment was planned to take place in Canberra in late 2011. As of December 2011, 12 public charge spots (power outlets, not battery swap stations) had been installed in Australia. The roll out of the Australian network was initially planned to begin 6 months to a year after the roll out of the network in Denmark.

In December 2012, Renault postponed the launch of the Renault Fluence Z.E. as the necessary infrastructure was not yet in place.. Better Place explained that delays in the deployments in Israel and Denmark are reflecting in the Australian roll out, which would take place between 12 and 18 months behind the other markets. Better Place ultimately went bankrupt with the only sign they ever existed being a few lone silver posts standing in (mostly university) car parks.

Introduction of series production electric vehicles

Beginning in mid-2009, a twelve-month field trial was conducted with the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential electric vehicle customers, such as local, state and federal government bodies, and major fleet operators. Leasing for fleet customers began in Australia in August 2010. As of May 2011, a total of 110 i-MiEVs had been leased to government and corporate fleets, while retail sales to the public began in August 2011. As of December 2012, 125 i-MiEVs had been sold in the country, 30 of which were sold by December 2011.

A two-year fleet trial of 10 converted Ford Focus Electric cars, that also included 14 i-MiEVs and 3 Toyota Prius PHEVs, commenced in Western Australia in 2010. Each converted car was equipped with a 23 kWh battery pack, a 27 kW DC motor and a 1000A motor controller. These cars were then used in the study as regular fleet vehicles to find their usability for everyday driving.

In July 2011, Nissan Australia provided 16 Nissan Leaf vehicles, to be used by both personal and commercial users, for an electric vehicle trial in Victoria. A total of 19 Leafs were registered in 2011, while sales of the Nissan Leaf in Australia began in June 2012—77 units were sold during 2012. The Holden Volt, a plug-in hybrid model, was released onto the Australian market by late 2012 and a total of 80 units were delivered during that year.

A total of 258 plug-in electric cars were sold during 2012, with the i-MiEV as the top selling model, with 95 units sold. Sales during 2013 totaled 304 units, up 20% from 2012. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car with 188 units followed by the Holden Volt with 101 units. The electric vehicle market share in 2013 was 0.036% of total new car sales in the country.

As of September 2013, the largest public charging networks exist in the capital cities of Perth and Melbourne, with around 30 stations (7 kW AC) established in both cities—smaller networks exist in other capital cities. An Australian standard for charging connectors does not exist as of September 2013.

Since 2014 Mitsubishi is no longer importing the i-MiEV after slow sales due to the high price and due to competition from the more successful Outlander plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for battery components. Sales during the first quarter of 2014 totaled 42 units, representing a 0.015% market share of new car sales, and during the first half of 2014 sales reached 114 units.

Deliveries of the Tesla Model S in Australia began in late 2014. Deliveries of the BMW i3 also commenced at the end of 2014. Sales during 2014 totaled 1,228 units, up 288% from 2013. The plug-in electric segment reached a 0.11% market share of total new car sales in the country, up threefold from 0.036% in 2013. The surge in sales was due to the introduction of the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, which sold 895 units during 2014, and became Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle. Cumulative sales in the Australian market since 2010 reached over 1,950 units by the end of December 2014, up from 304 units in 2013.

A total of 246 Holden Volts had been sold in the country by mid April 2015, with the stock of the first generation almost empty. General Motors announced that it will not build the second generation Volt in right-hand-drive configuration, so the Holden Volt will be discontinued in the country when the remaining stock is sold out. As of April 2015, the following models are available in the Australian market: Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model S, both variants of the BMW i3 (REx and all-electric), BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and Porsche plug-in hybrids, 918 Spyder, Panamera and Cayenne. Other models scheduled to be launched in the country include the Audi A3 e-tron and the Audi Q7 e-tron.

As of December 2014, a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in Victoria. At the end of March 2015, registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although there were no sales figures reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two states alone were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all-electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31). Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle for the first quarter of 2015 was the Outlander P-HEV, with 198 units sold, again in the first quarter of 2016 ranked as the top selling plug-in with 195 units, and continued as the country's all-time best selling plug-in with 2,015 units sold through March 2016 since its introduction in 2013.

As of December 2016, about 1,000 Nissan Leafs have been sold since its introduction in the country in 2012. The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the country's all-time top-selling plug-in electric vehicle with 2,906 units sold through March 2018.

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

On 26 March 2021, the Hyundai Nexo became the first fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) to be released in Australia with the ACT government to operate a fleet of 20 Nexos. The Nexo will be available to the public on special order for lease. Coinciding with the release of the Nexo, the first publicly available hydrogen refuelling station opened on the 26th at Fyshwick in Canberra operated by ActewAGL. Hyundai operates a refuelling station from its headquarters at Macquarie Park in Sydney which was established in 2015 for a trial of the Nexo's predecessor the ix35 FCEV.

On 13 April 2021, the second generation Toyota Mirai was released in Australia with an initial allocation of 20 Mirai for organisations and businesses. The Mirai will not be offered to the public which Toyota estimates "might be two to three years away". Toyota had earlier on 29 March 2021 commissioned a hydrogen production facility together with a hydrogen refuelling station at its former manufacturing site at Altona in Melbourne to coincide with the release of the Mirai. The refuelling station is the second public station in Australia. Toyota had previously developed a mobile hydrogen refuelling station that could be transported on a truck that was used for the first generation Mirai loan program between 2018 and 2019.

The Victorian Hydrogen Hub is set to be constructed at the CSIRO's Clayton campus. Western Australia intend to invest in hydrogen refuelling stations. The Queensland government is using a fleet of Hyundai FCEVs and is investing in hydrogen refuelling stations.

Growth and availability of electric vehicles

Plug-in electric cars in Australia grew 300% from just 2,216 sales in 2018 to 6,718 in 2019. Tesla accounted for 70% of these electric car sales, mostly through the release of the Tesla Model 3 in August which accounted for two-thirds of electric car sales in 2019. Electric vehicle sales were also stated earlier to have doubled in Australia in 2019 compared to 2018. In 2019, the Electric Vehicle Council expected electrical vehicle model choices to continue to expand which would consequently promote a significant increase in EV sales in Australia. This is from 22 all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles available in 2019 to 31 by the end of 2020. This compares to more than 150 electric car models being available in Europe and elsewhere.

The MG ZS EV which received 100 pre-orders in November 2019 and since had its price reduced to $40,990, plan to introduce free charging along with supercharger network operators such as Chargefox for their 2021 model. MG is also stated as intending to sell 3,000 ZS EVs in Australia in 2021 alone.

In December 2020, there were almost 100 used electric cars listed on carsales.com.au. 42% of used electric cars were listed under $50,000. While 23% of used electric cars were listed under $20,000. The lowest price for a used electric car in Australia was $11,990 as of December 2020 and $8,900 as of 2021.

Carsales.com.au also stated 47% of buyers on their website considered buying an EV. In March 2022, carsales.com.au reported that 1 in 5 searches were for electric vehicles in Australia. Carsales also confirmed that the cost and price of EVs was the most important factor and vehicle range was the second most important factor among potential EV purchasers. 75% of Australians aged between 25 and 34 were also reported as considering EVs on carsales.com.au.

Electric vehicles by Australian state/territory in 2020

Government policy

Electric vehicle policies in Australia include incentives such as electric vehicle subsidies, interest-free loans, registration exemptions, stamp duty exemptions, the luxury car tax exemption and discounted parking for both private and commercial purchases.

Charging infrastructure

In 2021, there were more than 3,000 public charging stations installed across Australia, representing a ratio of 7.2 electric vehicles for every installed public charger. Australia is also Tesla's 11th largest market for electric vehicle superchargers in the world. Infrastructure Australia (IA) had identified the development of a fast-charging network for electric cars as one of Australia's highest national priorities from 2020 to 2025. The Federal Government pledged to spend $74.5 million on charging infrastructure in the budget in 2021.

The Federal Government is also contributing $15 million to a national electric vehicle charging network built by Evie Networks and connecting Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, Adelaide and Brisbane. Extra stations will also be built in Tasmania, Perth and regional Queensland. In 2021, Evie Networks announced they would spend $25 million on 300 additional Australian made Tritium electric vehicle chargers across Australia. The South Australian and Federal Liberal Government also signed an agreement in 2021 for combined funding of new electric vehicle charging infrastructure in the state. Chargefox is Australia's largest electric vehicle charger network operator and have 1,400 charging stations across Australia, with a plan to have 5,000 by 2025. 2,000 of these chargers will have fast and/or ultra-rapid charging speeds. Australian company Bell Hub plan for 60 ultra-fast solar powered electric vehicle charging stations from converted car washes with free wi-fi and barista coffee. Bell Hub is chaired by former NSW Liberal leader Kerry Chikarovski. The plan is to expand the network to around 316 charging stations by 2025. JOLT Charge intend to offer 5,000 free electric vehicle charging stations across Australia from Black Rock's $100 million funding. The Type 2 CCS charging standard is also the most commonly used in Australia. City of Port Phillip in Melbourne also offer kerb charging permits to residents and businesses to enable kerbside charging. Ampol plan to roll out more than 100 charging stations with rapid 50 kW chargers through a $100 million investment across Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, Geelong, Newcastle, Wollongong, NSW's Central Coast, Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. Vicinity plan to have 30 shopping centres with 103 fast charging stations to be rolled out. These chargers will have capacity of at least 100 kW.

The Federal Government's Future Fuels Fund and ARENA have provided $25 million in funding for fast chargers across Australia to open between 2022 and mid 2023. In 2021, the Federal Government announced $250 million to support public charging infrastructure, fleet infrastructure, vehicle trials and smart charging infrastructure in households. However, the NSW Government was spending almost as much as the federal government is spending in NSW to support new infrastructure for electric cars. The Federal Government will also fund 50,000 charging stations for Australian households. MG announced they will be donating 3,000 chargers across the country in regional areas in 2021. BP planned to roll out a charging network across Australia and New Zealand in 2022 using Brisbane-made Tritium chargers.

Australia also has electric boat chargers in docks across New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia.

Public charging infrastructure in Australia in 2018

The number of charging stations in Australia has increased substantially, with a 64 per cent increase from 2017 to 2018 as data reveals that charging locations available increased from 476 in 2017 to 783 in 2018.

Sales

Electric vehicle sales in Australia in Q1 2021

Electric vehicle sales in Australia in 2020

Australia's most popular electric cars are similar to the most popular electric cars among New Zealanders. In 2020, New Zealand's most popular electric cars were the Tesla Model 3, Hyundai Kona Electric, Nissan Leaf and the MG ZS EV.

References

1. "Design Your Model 3 | Tesla". www.tesla.com. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
2. Parkinson, Giles (20 January 2020). "Tesla takes 70 per cent of market, as Australia electric car sales reach 5,000 in 2019". The Driven. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
3. Schmidt, Bridie (30 August 2019). "First Tesla Model 3 electric sedans delivered to customers in Australia". RenewEconomy. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
4. Charlwood, Sam (31 May 2019). "Tesla Model 3 Australian pricing revealed". Carsales. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
5. Schmidt, Bridie (16 April 2021). "Tesla drops price of Model 3 by up to $4,000 in Australia". The Driven. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
6. "Much-Anticipated Electric Car Policy Change Brings Australia Out Of The 'Dark Ages'". DMARGE. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
7. "Best Electric Car 2021: The verdict". www.carsales.com.au. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
8. "Here are Australia's safest cars for 2019". WhichCar. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
9. Schmidt, Bridie (8 December 2021). "Surge in EV sales in November suggests Tesla Model 3 will outsell Toyota Camry in 2021". The Driven. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
10. "Volvo Australia to electrify range: Hybrid and electric only from 2021, diesels axed | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
11. Schmidt, Bridie (2 December 2021). "Polestar reports huge Australia interest for Polestar 2, plans US factory for next model". The Driven. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
12. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (5 November 2021). "Tesla chases down Toyota, as electric SUV sales boosted by rebates". The Driven. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
13. Schmidt, Bridie (19 August 2021). "Hyundai launches cheaper short-range Kona Electric and drops long-range price". The Driven. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
14. 2021 - 9:23am (29 August 2021). "$100k in rewards for vaccinated Aussies". news. Retrieved 30 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
15. Vorrath, Sophie (20 December 2019). "Tesla Models X and 3 ranked among Australia's Top 3 safest cars for 2019". The Driven. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
16. "Electric vehicles". www.macquarie.com.au. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
17. jasoncartwright (6 January 2021). "RACV and NRMA giving members 20% off ultra-rapid EV charging at Chargefox". techAU. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
18. jasoncartwright (17 August 2021). "Macquarie Bank offering new Electric Vehicle Car Loans for close to Home Loan Rates of just 2.99%". techAU. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
19. ^ Parkinson, Giles (1 May 2021). "Victoria to offer $3,000 subsidy for electric vehicles, sets 50pct target by 2030". The Driven. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
20. ^ Mazengarb, Michael (19 June 2021). "NSW unveils $490 million support package for electric vehicles, but there's a catch". The Driven. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
21. ^ Harris, Rob (22 August 2021). "Australia on verge of electric cars boom". The Age. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
22. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (5 May 2021). ""Historic opportunity:" NSW hints at EV incentives and petrol car sales ban". The Driven. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
23. Parkinson, Giles (23 September 2021). "Matt Kean: We need to have electric car sales only by 2035". The Driven. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
24. ^ "Infrastructure Victoria urges ban on petrol and diesel cars "by 2035 at latest"". The Driven. 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
25. ^ Parkinson, Giles (20 December 2020). ""Biggest change in Model T": South Australia wants all new car sales to be electric by 2035". The Driven. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
26. Mazengarb, Michael (6 November 2020). "South Australia to transition car fleet and boost charging network in big EV push". The Driven. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
27. "All ACT new car sales to be zero-emissions by 2030 under ambitious plan". CarExpert. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
28. "State of Electric Vehicles 2021 - Electric Vehicle Council". Retrieved 23 August 2021.
29. ^ "National, state and territory population, December 2020 | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
30. Harris, Rob (8 November 2021). "Grid upgrades, infrastructure rollout planned to handle electric car surge". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
31. Mazengarb, Michael (22 October 2021). "Australia could save nearly $500 billion with big switch to electric vehicles". The Driven. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
32. "Poor EV take-up to cost Australia's health system $1tn by 2050, modelling shows". The Guardian. 23 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
33. Hasham, Nicole (25 July 2016). "Dirty fuel crackdown won't prevent thousands of deaths from air pollution". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
34. Cox, Lisa (12 April 2019). "Poll shows 50% of Australians support shifting all sales of new cars to electric vehicles by 2025". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
35. Malos, Anna; Skarbek, Anna. "Scott Morrison has embraced net-zero emissions – now it's time to walk the talk". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
36. "Nationals back net zero by 2050 climate target with safeguards". SBS News. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
37. Jervis-Bardy, Dan (3 November 2021). "EVs to be 'new normal' by 2030 under plan backed by Australia at Glasgow summit". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
38. Crowe, David (21 September 2021). "Clear majority of Australians want net zero emissions by 2050". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
39. "NSW treasurer Matt Kean says federal Nationals 'can resign from the ministry' if they don't back net zero". The Guardian. 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
40. "Australia's electricity market must be 100% renewables by 2035 to achieve net zero by 2050 - study". The Guardian. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
41. ^ Whitehead, Jake; Whitehead, Jessica; Lim, Kai Li. "As the world surges ahead on electric vehicle policy, the Morrison government's new strategy leaves Australia idling in the garage". The Conversation. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
42. Parkinson, Giles (6 December 2021). "Nine out of 10 new car sales will be electric in 2030, under Labor plan". The Driven. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
43. Gratton, Ken (November 2008), Blade Electron an electric Getz, www.caresales.com.au, archived from the original on 26 February 2012, retrieved 12 April 2009
44. Goodger, Karen (28 March 2009), "Environment minister puts plug before pump", The Nelson Mail, retrieved 12 April 2009
45. Lucas, Paul (16 December 2008), Breakthrough for Blade Down Under, www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk, archived from the original on 1 March 2012, retrieved 12 April 2009
46. "EV Commodore 2012: Quick Spin". www.carsales.com.au. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
47. "Australia plans electric vehicle network". AFP. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
48. "Better Place bringing switchable battery electric taxi program to the San Francisco Bay Area". Green Car Congress. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
49. Better Place. "Global Progress – Australia". Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
50. "How Better Place plans to revive the electric car". Cnet.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
51. Tim Beissmann (13 December 2012). "Renault Fluence Z.E. launch delayed due to infrastructure hold-ups". Car Advice. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
52. "Mitsubishi i-MiEV headed to Australia: becomes country's first manufacturer-produced EV". AutoblogGreen. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
53. "Mitsubishi Motors to Begin Shipping i-MiEV to Australia in July; 2nd Market Outside Japan". Green Car Congress. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
54. "Mitsubishi first to launch EV in Australia". Go Auto. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
55. ^ Mat Gasnier (5 January 2013). "Australia Full Year 2012: Mazda3 leads again in record market, no local model on podium for the first time since 1930s!". Best Selling Car Blog. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
56. "The Victorian Electric Vehicle Trial" (PDF). State Government of Victoria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
57. "Western Australia's electric vehicle trial". Archived from the original on 16 October 2012.
58. "Gumtree Electric Car Buyers Guide".
59. "It's LEAFs, not Leaves!! – The 2011 World Car of the Year arrives in Melbourne". Government of Victoria Department of Transport. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
60. Nissan Media Australia (15 June 2012). "Nissan LEAF On Sale Now In Australia, Priced at $51,500". Inside EVs. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
61. David McCowen (18 February 2013). "The rise and fall of Better Place". Drive.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
62. ^ Jose Pontes (18 January 2014). "Australia December 2013". EVSales.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
63. Mat Gasnier (16 January 2014). "Australia Q4 2013: Jeep Grand Cherokee shines". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
64. Thomas Bräunl (16 September 2013). "Setting the standard: Australia must choose an electric car charging norm". The Conversation Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
65. Joshua Dowling (10 April 2014). "BMW launches electric car in Australia, wants taxpayers to foot $10,000 of its $64,000 price". News.com.au. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
66. Byron Mathioudakis (17 July 2014). "Nissan to keep 'plugging away' on Leaf EV". Go auto. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
67. "Tesla Australia Launch Event – Video". Insideevs.
68. ^ Pontes, Jose (15 January 2015). "Australia Full Year 2014 (Updated)". EV Sales. Retrieved 15 January 2015. Tesla Model S sales estimate is too low, see next source.
69. ^ David McCowen (26 May 2015). "Why the Tesla is Australia's best-selling electric car". Drive. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
70. Jose Pontes (5 January 2013). "Australia Full Year 2012". EV Sales. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
71. Joshua Dowling (6 September 2011). "Mitsubishi electric car back in stock". CarsSales.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
72. ^ Mike Costello (25 April 2015). "The Holden Volt is dead". Car Advice. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
73. Mitsubishi Motors Australia. "The World's First Plug-in Hybrid SUV". Retrieved 5 January 2015.
74. Porsche Australia. "Porsche Australia official website". Retrieved 5 January 2015. Click on models for details of the two S E-Hybrid models and the 918 Spyder.
75. Pontes, Jose (10 July 2015). "Australia Q1 2015". EV Sales. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
76. Jose, Pontes (10 May 2016). "Australia Q1 2016". EVSales.com. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
77. "Global Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sales Pass the 100,000 Mark" (Press release). UK: Mitsubishi Motors UK. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016. As of March 2016, a total of 65,529 units have been sold in Europe (21,052 in the UK and 44,477 in the rest of Europe), 33,730 in Japan, 2,015 in Australia and 259 in the rest of the world, for a total of 101,533 units sold worldwide.
78. Hallenbeck, Todd (6 January 2017). "Nissan grows a better Leaf". Motoring. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
79. "New (MY19) Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV - Summer 2018" (PDF) (Press release). Mitsubishi Motors. 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018. See tables in pp. 3-4.
80. ^ "The first publicly available hydrogen refuelling station in Australia has today opened in Fyshwick". Australian Capital Territory government (Press release). 26 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
81. "NEXO: Hyundai's hydrogen fuel-cell first". Hyundai Motor Company, Australia (Press release). 26 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
82. Bulmer, Ged (30 March 2021). "Hyundai wins race to launch Australia's first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle". RACQ. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
83. Canberra becomes first Australian city with public hydrogen refuelling station (Television production). ABC News (Australia). 26 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021 – via Youtube.
84. "Hyundai partners with gas companies to realise green fuel supply for Australian hydrogen vehicles". Hyundai (Press release). 30 October 2020.
85. ^ "2021 Toyota Mirai". Toyota Australia (Press release). 13 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
86. ^ "2021 Toyota Hydrogen Centre". Toyota Australia (Press release). 29 March 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
87. Dowling, Joshua (12 April 2021). "2021 Toyota Mirai: Australia's first hydrogen car on sale to the public 'within a couple of years'". Retrieved 12 April 2021.
88. "Melbourne's first hydrogen refuelling station takes shape". ARENAWIRE. Australian Renewable Energy Agency. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
89. "2016 Toyota Mirai Press Kit". Toyota Australia (Press release). 28 November 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
90. "Hydrogen cars: CSIRO to build Australia's fourth, Melbourne's second refuelling point | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
91. Mazengarb, Michael (8 February 2021). "Victorian government backs new hydrogen research facility with $10m injection". RenewEconomy. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
92. Mazengarb, Michael (17 August 2020). "Hydrogen buses, microgrids, share in $22m of WA funding for renewable hydrogen". RenewEconomy. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
93. Schmidt, Bridie (3 December 2020). "Queensland to trial five fuel cell cars powered by local green hydrogen". The Driven. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
94. Harris, Rob (5 February 2020). "Sharp jump in electric vehicle sales underscores 'untapped potential'". The Age. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
95. ^ "Tesla takes 70 per cent of market, as Australia electric car sales reach 5,000 in 2019". The Driven. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
96. Schmidt, Bridie (6 February 2020). "Australia urged to copy UK ban on new fossil fuel cars by 2035". The Driven. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
97. Schmidt, Bridie (5 September 2019). "The new normal: Electric vehicle sales double in Australia, petrol car sales slump". The Driven. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
98. ^ "Number of Australians considering buying electric vehicles has tripled". The Driven. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
99. ^ "2021 MG ZS EV price and specs: $43,990 drive-away pricing announced | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
100. ^ "meika's carsalesCOMau simple used EV price numbers". Google Docs. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
101. ^ Jaspan, Calum (11 June 2021). "Australians priced out of electric vehicles, says Carsales and Volkswagen". Mumbrella. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
102. ^ Cook, Henrietta (19 March 2022). "Petrol price surge drives Victoria's electric vehicle boom". The Age. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
103. Schmidt, Bridie (23 December 2020). "How many electric cars are there in Australia, and where are they?". The Driven. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
104. jasoncartwright (1 May 2021). "Victorians to get $3,000 off the price of EVs, new target for half of new vehicle sales to be EV by 2030". techAU. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
105. Schmidt, Bridie (14 December 2021). "NSW reaches electric milestone with more than 10,000 EVs on road, mostly Tesla". The Driven. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
106. Schmidt, Bridie (23 December 2020). "How many electric cars are there in Australia, and where are they?". The Driven. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
107. "Electric car sales 2020 | Car Research & Statistics — Budget Direct™". Budget Direct. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
108. Hagon, Toby (5 May 2021). "Strong EV, hybrid sales in April as new car market booms". EV Central. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
109. Schmidt, Bridie (9 April 2021). "Tesla, MG and Porsche lead doubling of electric car sales in first quarter". The Driven. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
110. "Electric vehicle sales on track to overtake last year's total by June | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
111. "Australia: electric vehicle sales 2011-2020". Statista. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
112. "Electric car sales figures show Australian EV uptake stuck in the slow lane". WhichCar. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
113. "EV sales hit new record in 2023, no electric utes on horizon". NRMA. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
114. Akhtar, Riz. "Australian EV sales data for 2022 by model, with 2023 boom to follow". The Driven. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
115. Schmidt, Bridie (6 April 2022). ""Best month ever:" EV sales take off as interest in going electric surges". The Driven. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
116. "supercharge.info". supercharge.info. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
117. "Electric car fast-charging network one of Australia's 'highest priorities' | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
118. "'Do-nothing document': Australian electric vehicle strategy lets emissions keep rising". The Guardian. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
119. ^ "Australian government pledges $15 million to EV charging network". CarsGuide. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
120. Schmidt, Bridie (18 August 2021). "Evie Networks and Tritium ink deal for 300 new EV chargers in Australia". The Driven. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
121. "Energy and Emissions Reduction Agreement with South Australia". nsw.liberal.org.au. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
122. Schmidt, Bridie (28 June 2021). "Chargefox to expand Australia EV charging network to 5,000 plugs by 2025". The Driven. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
123. "Chargefox chalks up 20,000th EV charging subscriber". The Driven. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
124. ^ Fernyhough, James (16 June 2021). "Ex-Liberal leader in new venture to convert 60 car washes to EV charging stations". The Driven. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
125. "Bell Hub | Ultra-fast Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations | 2021". Retrieved 16 June 2021.
126. Schmidt, Bridie (23 August 2021). "Dynamic EV charging - even in a car wash - could make regional road trips cheaper". The Driven. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
127. O'Malley, Nick (23 August 2021). "5000 free fast electric car chargers to be built around Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
128. "EV plug types explained: Everything you need to know about electric car charging". CarsGuide. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
129. Gaton, Bryce (6 September 2021). "Australian council approves trial of kerbside EV charging equipment". The Driven. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
130. "Australian fuel giant confirms electric car charging network". Drive. 23 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
131. "Vicinity, Engie putting EV chargers at Australian shopping centres". CarExpert. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
132. "Future Fuels Fund revved up to provide EV charging nationally". Australian Renewable Energy Agency. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
133. Ryan, Hannah (10 November 2021). "New incentives for electric cars in NSW". Northern Beaches Review. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
134. Oakley-Newell, Tom (10 November 2021). "Federal Government announces funding of electric vehicle charging stations, no subsidies". Convenience & Impulse Retailing. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
135. "MG to roll out 3000 EV charging points across Australia". WhichCar. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
136. "BP planning local EV charger network, using Australia's Tritium". CarExpert. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
137. Vorrath, Sophie (22 July 2021). "Super rich now have super-fast chargers for their electric super yachts". The Driven. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
138. ^ Guthrie, Susannah (29 October 2020). "The Australian states with the most electric car charging points". Drive. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
139. "Australia: charging points for electric vehicles by state 2021". Statista. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
140. Schmidt, Bridie (8 April 2021). "Tesla pinpoints gateway to Tasmania to fill Supercharger gap in Apple Isle". The Driven. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
141. ^ "The State of Electric vehicles in Australia - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)". Australian Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
142. Schmidt, Bridie (9 April 2021). "Tesla, MG and Porsche lead doubling of electric car sales in first quarter". The Driven. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
143. Schmidt, Bridie (3 December 2020). "EV sales fall in November as Australian drivers choke roads with new diesel SUVs". The Driven. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
144. "Electric vehicle sales on track to overtake last year's total by June | CarAdvice". CarAdvice.com. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
145. ^ "Revealed: NZ's top five best-selling electric cars of 2020". www.autocar.co.nz. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

v t e Electric vehicles
Vehicle	Electric aircraft Electric car Electric boat Electric bicycle Electric bus Electric locomotive Electric motorcycles and scooters Electric truck
Type	Hybrid electric vehicle Plug-in electric vehicle Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle Fuel cell electric vehicle
Charging	Charging station (network) Tesla Supercharger Vehicle-to-grid Connectors AC Type 1 Type 2 (Mennekes) Type 3 (Scame) DC AA (CHAdeMO) BB (GB/T) ChaoJi EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2) MCS AC/DC NACS Standards GB/T 20234 IEC 61851 IEC 62196 IEC 63110 ISO 15118 SAE J1772 SAE J3068 SAE J3105 SAE J3400
WEVA

• Electric vehicles in Australia
• Electric vehicles by country
• Road transport in Australia