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Politics of Sri Lanka
National Emblem of Sri Lanka
Polity type	Unitary multi-party semi-presidential representative democratic republic
Constitution	Constitution of Sri Lanka
Legislative branch
Name	Parliament
Type	Unicameral
Meeting place	Sri Lanka Parliament
Presiding officer	Jagath Wickramaratne, Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Executive branch
Head of state
Title	President
Currently	Anura Kumara Dissanayake
Appointer	Direct election
Head of government
Title	Prime Minister
Currently	Harini Amarasuriya
Appointer	President
Cabinet
Name	Cabinet of Sri Lanka
Current cabinet	Dissanayake cabinet
Leader	President
Appointer	President
Ministries	29
Judicial branch
Name	Judiciary
Supreme Court
Chief judge	Murdu Fernando

This article is part of a series on the
Politics of Sri Lanka
Constitution Amendments Law Human rights Taxation Previous Constitutions: 1931 1947 1972
Executive President of Sri Lanka (10th) Anura Kumara Dissanayake Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (16th) Harini Amarasuriya Cabinet Cabinet Ministers Ministers Ministries National Security Council Secretary to the President Nandika Sanath Kumanayake Secretary to the Prime Minister G. P. Saputhanthri Secretary to the Cabinet W. M. D. J. Fernando
Legislature Parliament of Sri Lanka (17th) Speaker (23rd) Jagath Wickramaratne Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees Rizvie Salih Deputy Chairperson of Committees Hemali Weerasekara Leader of the Opposition Sajith Premadasa Leader of the House Bimal Rathnayake Chief Government Whip Nalinda Jayatissa Chief Opposition Whip Gayantha Karunathilaka Secretary General Kushani Anusha Rohanadeera Constitutional Council COPE Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Cabinet Minister Ananda Wijepala Secretary to the Ministry D. W. R. B. Seneviratne
Judiciary Supreme Court of Sri Lanka Chief Justice (48th) Murdu Fernando Puisne Justices P. Padman Surasena S. Thurairaja Gamini Amarasekera Yasantha Kodagoda A. H. M. D.Nawaz Kumuduni Wickremasinghe A. L. Shiran Gooneratne Janak De Silva Achala Wengappuli Mahinda Samayawardhena Arjuna Obeyesekere K. Priyantha Fernando Court of Appeal High Court District Court Magistrate's Court Primary Court Labour Tribunal Judicial Service Commission Bar Association Law enforcement Attorney General's Department Attorney General (49th) Parinda Ranasinghe Solicitor General Viraj Dayaratne Ministry of Justice Cabinet Minister Harshana Nanayakkara Secretary to the Ministry Ayesha Jinasena
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Sri Lanka is a unitary multi-party semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Sri Lanka is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Starting from the early 1950s, the two main parties of Sri Lanka were the social democratic Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the liberal conservative United National Party for several decades. Recently, however, the influence of the two parties has diminished significantly; currently, the two main parties are the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya, both of which split from one of the two previous parties, respectively. Other notable parties include the Tamil National Alliance, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Sri Lanka a "flawed democracy" in 2022.

Executive branch

The president, directly elected for a five-year term, is the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The election occurs under the Sri Lankan form of the contingent vote. Responsible to Parliament for the exercise of duties under the constitution and laws, the president may be removed from office by a two-thirds vote of Parliament with the concurrence of the Supreme Court.

The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers responsible to Parliament. The president's deputy is the prime minister, who leads the ruling party in Parliament. A parliamentary no-confidence vote requires dissolution of the cabinet and the appointment of a new one by the President.

Legislative branch

The Parliament has 225 members, elected for a five-year term: 196 members elected in multi-seat constituencies and 29 by proportional representation.

The primary modification is that the party that receives the largest number of valid votes in each constituency gains a unique "bonus seat" (see Hickman, 1999). The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and can dissolve Parliament at any time once a year has passed since the last general elections (except in a few limited circumstances). The President can also dissolve Parliament before the completion of one year, if requested to do so by a resolution signed by at least half the MPs. Parliament reserves the power to make all laws. Since its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Political parties and elections

In August 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that presidential elections would be held in November 2005, resolving a long-running dispute on the length of President Kumaratunga's term. Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa was nominated the SLFP candidate and former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as the UNP candidate. The election was held on 17 November 2005, and Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected the 5th Executive President of Sri Lanka winning 50.3% of valid votes, compared to Ranil Wickremesinghe's 48.4%. Mahinda Rajapaksa took oath as president on 19 November 2005. Ratnasiri Wickremanayake was appointed the 22nd Prime Minister on 21 November 2005, to fill the post vacated by Mahinda Rajapaksa. He was previously Prime Minister from 2000 until 2001.

President Mahinda Rajapaksa lost the 2015 presidential elections, ending his ten-year presidency. However, his successor, President Maithripala Sirisena, decided not to seek re-election in 2019. This enabled the Rajapaksa family to regain power in the 2019 presidential elections. Mahinda Rajapaksa's younger brother and former wartime defence chief Gotabaya Rajapaksa won the election, and was sworn in as the 7th Executive President of Sri Lanka. The Rajapaksa's firm grip of power consolidated in the parliamentary elections held in August 2020. The family's political party, the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (known by its initials SLPP) won a landslide victory and a clear majority in the parliament, and five members of the Rajapaksa family won a seat in the parliament. Former President Mahinda Rajapaksa became the new prime minister.

On 23 September 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president after winning the presidential election as a left-wing candidate. On 14 November 2024, President Anura Kumara Dissanayake's National People's Power (NPP), a left-leaning alliance, received a two-thirds majority in parliament in Sri Lankan parliamentary election.

2024 presidential election

2024 parliamentary election

National

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				District	National	Total	±
	National People's Power	6,863,186	61.56	141	18	159	+156
	Samagi Jana Balawegaya	1,968,716	17.66	35	5	40	−14
	New Democratic Front	500,835	4.49	3	2	5	+5
	Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna	350,429	3.14	2	1	3	−97
	Ilankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi	257,813	2.31	7	1	8	+8
	Sarvajana Balaya	178,006	1.60	0	1	1	+1
	Sri Lanka Muslim Congress	87,038	0.78	2	1	3	+2
	United Democratic Voice	83,488	0.75	0	0	0	New
	United National Party	66,234	0.59	1	0	1	0
	Democratic Tamil National Alliance	65,382	0.59	1	0	1	New
	Democratic Left Front	50,836	0.46	0	0	0	0
	Democratic National Alliance	45,419	0.41	0	0	0	New
	Tamil National People's Front	39,894	0.36	1	0	1	0
	Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal	34,440	0.31	0	0	0	−1
	All Ceylon Makkal Congress	33,911	0.30	1	0	1	0
	People's Struggle Alliance	29,611	0.27	0	0	0	0
	Eelam People's Democratic Party	28,985	0.26	0	0	0	−2
	Jaffna – Independent Group 17	30,637	0.27	1	0	1	+1
	National Democratic Front	25,444	0.23	0	0	0	0
	United National Alliance	22,548	0.20	0	0	0	New
	Sri Lanka Labour Party	17,710	0.16	1	0	1	+1
	Devana Parapura	16,950	0.15	0	0	0	New
	Thamizh Makkal Koottani	13,295	0.12	0	0	0	New
	Jana Setha Peramuna	12,743	0.11	0	0	0	0
	National Front for Good Governance	8,447	0.08	0	0	0	New
	United National Freedom Front	7,796	0.07	0	0	0	New
	Arunalu Peoples Alliance	7,666	0.07	0	0	0	New
	New Independent Front	7,182	0.06	0	0	0	New
	National People's Party	6,307	0.06	0	0	0	0
	Our Power of People's Party	6,043	0.05	0	0	0	−1
	Tamil United Liberation Front	5,061	0.05	0	0	0	0
	Democratic United National Front	4,480	0.04	0	0	0	0
	Samabima Party	4,449	0.04	0	0	0	New
	Patriotic People's Power	3,985	0.04	0	0	0	New
	Eros Democratic Front	2,865	0.03	0	0	0	New
	Democratic Unity Alliance	2,198	0.02	0	0	0	0
	Socialist Party of Sri Lanka	2,087	0.02	0	0	0	0
	Jathika Sangwardhena Peramuna	1,920	0.02	0	0	0	0
	United Socialist Party	1,838	0.02	0	0	0	0
	Socialist Equality Party	864	0.01	0	0	0	0
	Freedom People's Front	841	0.01	0	0	0	New
	United Peace Alliance	822	0.01	0	0	0	0
	Lanka Janatha Party	759	0.01	0	0	0	New
	Eksath Lanka Podujana Pakshaya	659	0.01	0	0	0	New
	Liberal Democratic Party	635	0.01	0	0	0	New
	Nawa Lanka Nidahas Pakshaya	601	0.01	0	0	0	New
	Nava Sama Samaja Party	491	0.00	0	0	0	New
	Akhila Ilankai Tamil Mahasabha	450	0.00	0	0	0	0
	Democratic Party	283	0.00	0	0	0	New
	Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya	269	0.00	0	0	0	New
	Independents	245,458	2.20	0	0	0	0
Total		11,148,006	100.00	196	29	225	0
Valid votes		11,148,006	94.35
Invalid/blank votes		667,240	5.65
Total votes		11,815,246	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		17,140,354	68.93
Source: Election Commission of Sri Lanka

Administrative divisions

The local government is divided into two parallel structures, the civil service, which dates back to colonial times, and the provincial councils, established in 1987.

Civil Service structure

The country is divided into 25 districts, each of which has a district secretary (the government agent or GA) who is appointed. Each district has 5–16 divisions, each with a divisional secretary who is also appointed. At a village level, Grama Niladari (Village Officers), Samurdhi Niladari (Development Officers) and agriculture extension officers all work for their respective divisional secretaries.

Provincial Council structure

Under the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord signed in 1987 and the subsequent 13th Amendment to the Constitution, the Government of Sri Lanka agreed to devolve some authority to the provinces. Provincial councils are directly elected for five-year terms. The leader of the council majority serves as the province's Chief Minister with a board of ministers; a provincial governor is appointed by the president.

The Provincial Councils have full statute making power with respect to the Provincial Council List, and shared statute making power respect to the Concurrent List. While all matters set out in the Reserved List are under the central government.

Despite the existence of the 13th amendment, provincial council elections have not been held since 2014.

Local government structure

Below the provincial level are elected Municipal Councils and Urban Councils, responsible for municipalities and cities respectively, and below this level Pradeshiya Sabhas (village councils), again elected. There are 24 Municipal Councils, 41 Urban Councils and 276 Pradeshiya Sabhas.

Judicial branch

Sri Lanka's judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, and a number of subordinate courts. Sri Lanka's legal system is reflective of the country's diverse cultural influences. Criminal law is fundamentally British. Basic civil law is Roman-Dutch, but laws pertaining to marriage, divorce, and inheritance are communal, known as respectively as Kandyan, Thesavalamai (Jaffna Tamil) and Muslim (Roman-Dutch law applies to Low-country Sinhalese, Estate Tamils and others).

Courts of law

• Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
• Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
• High Court of Sri Lanka
• District Courts
• Magistrate's Courts
• Primary Courts

Foreign relations of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka generally follows a non-aligned foreign policy but has been seeking closer relations with the United States since 1977. It participates in multilateral diplomacy, particularly at the United Nations, where it seeks to promote sovereignty, independence, and development in the developing world. Sri Lanka was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It also is a member of the Commonwealth, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank, and the Colombo Plan. Sri Lanka continues its active participation in the NAM, while also stressing the importance it places on regionalism by playing a strong role in SAARC.

Sri Lanka is member of the IAEA, IBRD, ADB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO.

The growing interest of other countries in making their claims to Sri Lanka's strategic assets has been generating heated discussion both within national and international circles. China, India and Japan's involvement in Sri Lankan seaport developments is a direct consequence of the ongoing tussle among the three nations to establish a firm foothold in the strategically located island state.

Political pressure groups

Civil society participation in decision-making and opinion-shaping in Sri Lanka is very poor. Professionals, civil society groups, and media rarely play significant roles in Sri Lankan politics, and as a result many aspects of the lives of ordinary citizens are politicized. In addition, the vacuum created by the silence and inactivity of civil society has led to radical groups such as ethnic/religious-based groups, trade unions and NGOs assuming lead roles as political pressure groups.

See also

• List of rulers of Ceylon
• List of presidents of Sri Lanka
• List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka
• Leftist parties in Sri Lanka

Notes

1. Member of the United National Party officially running as independent, endorsed by the UNP and SLPP breakaway faction
2. Including the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.
3. Alliance consisting of the All Ceylon Makkal Congress (which contested separately in one district, Ampara), the Freedom People's Congress, the Samagi Jana Balawegaya, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (Dayasiri wing), the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (which contested separately in two districts, Ampara and Batticaloa), and the Tamil Progressive Alliance (consisting of the National Union of Workers, the United Progressive Alliance, the Democratic People's Front and the Up-Country People's Front).
4. Alliance consisting of the Ceylon Workers' Congress (which contested under the symbol of the United National Party in Nuwara Eliya), the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna, the National Unity Alliance, the National Congress, the New Lanka Freedom Party, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (Nimal wing), the Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya, the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (pro-Ranil wing), and the United National Party.
5. Alliance consisting of the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, the Democratic Left Front, the Independent MPs Forum, the Mawbima Janatha Pakshaya and the Pivithuru Hela Urumaya.
6. Alliance consisting of the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization.
7. The Tamil National People's Front contested under the name and symbol of the All Ceylon Tamil Congress.
8. Alliance consisting of the Frontline Socialist Party and the New Democratic Marxist–Leninist Party.

References

1. Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit (Report). 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-09. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
2. "President Maithripala Sirisena to not contest Sri Lanka polls". www.aljazeera.com.
3. "Sri Lanka's ruling party calls an election, hoping for a landslide". The Economist. 5 March 2020.
4. Bastians, Dharisha; Schultz, Kai (17 November 2019). "Gotabaya Rajapaksa Wins Sri Lanka Presidential Election". The New York Times.
5. "Mahinda Rajapaksa sworn in as Sri Lanka's PM".
6. "Anura Kumara Dissanayake sworn in as Sri Lanka's president". www.bbc.com.
7. "Sri Lanka: Left-leaning leader's coalition secures landslide victory". www.bbc.com.
8. *For Presidential election results: "Presidential Election Results – 2024". Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived from the original on 7 November 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
   • For the all-island result: "Presidential Election 2024 – All island result – Without preferences" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
   • For the preference vote result: "Presidential Election 2024 – All island preferences result" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
   • For the final result: "Presidential Election 2024 – Final result" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
9. * For a comprehensive list of election results: "Parliamentary Election 2024 Results". Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 15 November 2024. Archived from the original on 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
   • For the all-island final result: "Parliamentary Election 2024/11/14 – All-island Result" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 15 November 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
10. Weerakoon, Dushni (June 20, 2019). "Rivals Competing over Sri Lanka's Seaports". OpedColumn.News.Blog.

Sources

• Hickman, J. 1999. "Explaining the Two-Party System in Sri Lanka's National Assembly." Contemporary South Asia, Volume 8, Number 1 (March), pp. 29–40 (A detailed description of the effects of the bonus seat provision).
• James Jupp, Sri Lanka: Third World Democracy, London: Frank Cass and Company, Limited, 1978.

Further reading

• Robert C. Oberst. "Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka", Publius, Vol. 18, No. 3, The State of American Federalism, 1987 (Summer, 1988), pp. 175–193

External links

• Office of the Governor – Uva / ඌව පලාත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවර කාර්යාලය

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Political history	Kandyan independence movement (1470s) Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594) Wijayaba Kollaya (1521) Sinhalese–Portuguese War (1527–1658) Portuguese conquest of Jaffna (1560–1619) Fall of Kotte (1597) British invasion of Ceylon (1795) Kandyan Wars (1796–1818) American Ceylon Mission (1813) Kandyan Convention (1815) Sri Lankan independence movement (1817–1948) Great Rebellion of 1817–18 (1817–1818) Colebrooke-Cameron Commission (1829) Matale rebellion (1848) Temperance movement (1895) 1915 Ceylonese riots (1915) Ceylon National Congress (1919) Jaffna Youth Congress (1924) Donoughmore Commission (1927) Suriya-Mal Movement (1933–1939) Bracegirdle Incident (1937) Cocos Islands mutiny (1942) Soulbury Commission (1944) Independence Day (1948) Ceylon Citizenship Act (1948) State-sponsored colonisation schemes (1950s–2000s) 1953 Ceylonese Hartal (1953) Nehru-Kotelawala Pact (1954) Sinhala Only Act (1956) 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom (1956) Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact (1957) 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom (1958) Coup d'état attempt (1962) Sirima–Shastri Pact (1964) Alleged coup d'état attempt (1966) Policy of standardisation (1971) 1971 JVP insurrection (1971) Republic Day (1972) Sirima–Gandhi Pact (1974) Vaddukoddai Resolution (1976) 1977 Sri Lankan riots (1977) Burning of Jaffna Public Library (1981) Black July (1983) Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) Indo-Sri Lanka Accord (1987) 1987 anti-Sinhalese riots (1987) 1987–1989 JVP insurrection (1987–1989) Mawanella riots (2001) 2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka (2014) Alleged coup d'état attempt (2015) 2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka (2018) 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis (2018) 2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka (2019) 2022 Sri Lankan protests (2022) 2022 Sri Lankan political crisis (2022)
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