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v t e

The political systems of Imperial China can be divided into a state administrative body, provincial administrations, and a system for official selection. The three notable tendencies in the history of Chinese politics includes, the convergence of unity, the capital priority of absolute monarchy, and the standardization of official selection. Moreover, there were early supervisory systems that were originated by local factions, as well as other political systems worthy of mention.

Fundamental System: Autocratic Monarchy

Principles and Foundation

During the Warring States period, Shang Yang from the state of Qin would enact political reforms into practice. The ancient Chinese text Han Feizi proposed the establishment of the first all-encompassing autocratic monarchy for the future of the state. The imperial system would eventually be constituted by the time of the establishment of the Qin, which would introduce the system of Three Lords and Nine Ministers as well as fostering the system of prefectures and counties. Units of measurements, currency, and writing would be standardized, books and scholars of the previous regime burned and buried to keep ideological integrity, and officials were to act as faculties of the law.

Consolidation and Reinforcement

In resolute action to settle domestic concerns, Western Han conducted conclusive capital punishments, issued the Decree of Mercy and the Law of Supplementary Benefits, denounced the Hundred Schools of Thought, and only extolled Confucianism. By instituting the system of three provinces and six ministries, the feudal bureaucracy completed and achieved a rigorous system that diminished the prime minister's power and reinforced imperial power. Complementary to this governing body, establishment and improvement of the Imperial Civil Examination enhanced the availability of invigorated government officials which in turn provided a recurrent administration. Regulation of military power requisitioned the removal of total military authority from senior generals and local commanders. This, in turn, permitted sanctioning of three government officials to command the imperial army of which were mediated internally via privy council. Within the framework of organized executive power; the administration, the military, the financial powers of the chief ministers, the privy Councillors, and the three Secretaries partitioned and absorbed the authorities of the prime minister, respectively. Regulation of financial power was acquired by arranging consignments on appropriate levels of operations to coordinate local finances. Finally, standardization of judicial powers was executed via dispatching of civil officials to serve as local judiciaries. These means and measures concentrated the sovereignty of the head of state; surmounting military, administrative, financial, and judicial authority from all levels of governance, this subsequently vanquished the foundation of feudal-vassal separation.

Further Development and Final Shape

In the central government, the executive system of central officials was improved during Yuan dynasty. It established the Xuanzheng Yua (the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs) to direct religious affairs and to govern the region of Tibet. At the local level, the provincial system was practiced. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, the prime minister was abolished, and the power was divided into six departments. The local government implemented the division of power among the three functioning departments. The Qing dynasty followed the system of the Ming dynasty, set up more military offices, put up literary prisons, thus strengthened the centralisation of authoritarianism.

Central political system

Three Lords and Nine Ministers system

The three lords and nine ministers system was a central administrative system adopted in ancient China that was officially instituted in Qin dynasty and later developed in Han dynasty.

Three Lords referred to three highest rank officials in the imperial government, namely:

• the Chancellor
• the Imperial Secretary
• the Grand Commandant

Nine Ministers comprised all the ministers of importance in the central government. They were:

• the Minister of Ceremonies
• the Supervisor of Attendants
• the Commandant of Guards
• the Minister of Coachmen
• the Commandant of Justice
• the Grand Herald
• the Director of the Imperial Clan
• the Grand Minister of Agriculture
• the Small Treasurer

Three departments and six ministries system

The three lords and nine ministers system was replaced by the system of three provinces and six ministries by Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty. The three departments were Shangshu, Zhongshu and Menxia. The central committee was responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts; Subordinate provinces shall be responsible for the examination and verification of administrative decrees; Shangshu was responsible for carrying out important state decrees, and the heads of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The six ministries were officials, households, rites, soldiers, punishments, and workers. The three provinces and six ministries had both divisions of labor and cooperation, and they supervised and contained each other, thus forming a strict and complete system of the feudal bureaucracy, effectively improving administrative efficiency and strengthening the ruling power of the central government. The separation of the three powers weakens the power of the prime minister and strengthens the imperial power. The officially adopted systems of Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties all changed a little on this basis.

Prime minister system

Qin established the system of three lords and nine ministers in the central government. Emperor Wu of the Western Han dynasty reformed the official system implemented the internal and external dynasties system and weakened the power of the prime minister. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han dynasty expanded the power of the Shangshu department. Sui and Tang dynasties established the system of three provinces and six departments, dividing the power of the prime minister into three and containing each other, which reflected the strengthening of the imperial power. In the northern song dynasty, under the chancellors, the chief ministers were appointed as deputy ministers to divide the administrative power of the chancellors. There were privy secretaries to divide the military power and three divisions to divide the financial power. The Yuan dynasty set up a Zhongshu province, with prime ministers on the right and left, exercising the functions and powers of prime ministers. The Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister and divided the power into six parts. Emperor Yongle set up a cabinet and implemented "draft vote." The military offices were set up in the Qing dynasty, and the remnants of the prime minister system disappeared, reflecting that the imperial power had reached its peak. From the changes, we can see that the emperor divided and weakened the power of the prime minister, gradually concentrated all kinds of power in his own hands, and thus effectively implemented the autocratic monarchy. Notable prime ministers include Prime Minister Zhu of Shu, Prime Minister Xiao of Western Han and Prime Minister Wang of Song.

Local political systems

Enfeoffment system

To consolidate the power of slave owners, the rulers of the Western Zhou dynasty implemented the system of enfeoff vassals politically, which enabled the Zhou dynasty to consolidate its rule and expand its territory. In the spring and autumn period, it gradually collapsed and was replaced by the system of prefectures and counties, which remained in some later dynasties.

Prefecture and county system

During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the Qin dynasty was carried out nationwide, thus replacing the feudal system nationwide, greatly weakening the independence of local authorities and strengthening the centralization of power. This was an epoch-making reform in China's local administrative system. The prefecture and county system was used for a long time in ancient China, with a very far-reaching influence.

Province system

At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, the system of prefectures and counties was implemented in local areas, and at the same time, the system of enfeoffment was established. Counties and countries were parallel to each other, which was not conducive to the unified management of the country, with the risk of division. The Yuan dynasty was a feudal country with a vast territory at that time. Its establishment consolidated the unification of the country and ensured the centralization of power in the system. The provincial system of the Yuan dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the political system of later generations. Since then, the provincial system has become the local administrative organ of China, which was followed in the Ming and Qing dynasties and has been retained until today.

Monk system

In the Ming dynasty, Tibet practiced the system of monks and officials. Because the Tibetan people believed in Tibetan Buddhism, the Ming government used religion to rule the Tibetan people which was later called the 'monk system'.

Eight banners system

The eight banners system was in the late Ming dynasty when Nuzhen rulers Nurhaci to create a system of eight banners system according to the military organization form the Jurchen establishment, controlled by the aristocrat, with military conquering three functions, administrative management, organize production, is a soldier and unity of social organization, is a military organization and administrative management system, promote the development of the Nuzhen society. The eight banners army played an important role in unifying China in the Qing dynasty. However, with the invasion of western capitalism , the corruption of the eight banners army itself and the gradual decline of its combat effectiveness, the Hunan army and Huai army, which rose up in the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, had a great impact on it.

Bureaucratisation of Local Officers

During the reign of the Ming dynasty, in successive congruity with the Yuan dynasty, installed and enforced a provincial system in the southwest region, where residential officials received sponsorship from the central government. These residential officials, held by local factions, exercised their administration within their jurisdiction until the fall of the Great Ming.

Official selection system

Evolution of Official Selection

The standard of Official Selection by familial history gradually developed to emphasize talent instead. This method would eventually progress to form the standard of public examinations, to which this mechanism of cultivating talent would be institutionalized, making examinations a notoriously rigorous process to accomplish.

Imperial supervision systems

Qin dynasty

The central government set up the imperial historian, whereas the local government set up the imperial supervisor.

Western Han dynasty

Emperor Wudi of the Han dynasty set 13 prefectures as the supervision area, and set the provincial history department for supervision.

Eastern Han dynasty

The supervision power of the provincial governor was further strengthened, and the local administrative power and military power were gradually increased. At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, the provincial governor evolved into the local highest military and political officer.

Northern Song dynasty

There was a general court to supervise the prefectures, which could report directly to the emperor.

Ming dynasty

The local government set up the department of criminal investigation to administer local supervision and justice. In addition, the factory also set up a spying agency to monitor officials and civilians at all levels.

Political systems created by local factions

Uniform land system, rent modulation, government military system, Fan-Han divide and rule system, fierce peace and restraint, provincial system, and the eight flag system are critical systems created by local factions of noteworthy historical mention.

Other critical political systems in ancient China

Eclectical system

During the closing era of archaic society, the selective appointment of affiliated alliance leaders was conducted within the circle of noble families. This was not only reflective of antiquating public participation in politics, but also a sign of archaic society's vestiges.

Hereditary system

A hereditary system with its distinctive privatization embodied the significant progress of society.

Patriarchal systems

Since the Western Zhou dynasty, the patriarchal clan system was a system in which the inheritance relationship and the title were determined by blood relationship and marital status. The patriarchal clan system and privilege system formed by the patriarchal system had a far-reaching influence on later generations.

Gentry system

The gentry was developed from influential landlords and belonged to the most prestigious stratum of the landlord class. The gentry system was formed during the Wei and Jin dynastic era. This system selected officials in accordance to the level of their familial backgrounds, though it was often notably plagued by corruption.

See also

• Government of the Han dynasty
• Government of the Qing dynasty

References

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See also

• History of China

Articles on specific dynasties

v t e Qin dynasty topics History Qin's wars of unification Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes Burning of books and burying of scholars Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising Battle of Julu See also Xianyang Epang Palace Mr. He's jade Terracotta Army The Acrobats Twelve Metal Colossi Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts Ten Crimes of Qin The First Emperor Qin Shi Huang v t e Han dynasty topics History Chu–Han Contention (Feast at Swan Goose Gate) Lü Clan disturbance Rebellion of the Seven States Han dynasty in Inner Asia Han–Xiongnu Wars War of the Heavenly Horses Han conquest of Gojoseon Four Commanderies Southward expansion (Han–Minyue War Han conquest of Nanyue Han conquest of Dian First Chinese domination of Vietnam Trung sisters' rebellion Second Chinese domination of Vietnam) Xin dynasty Red Eyebrows and Lulin Chengjia Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions Way of the Five Pecks of Rice Yellow Turban Rebellion End of the Han dynasty Battle of Red Cliffs Society and culture Ban Gu Sima Qian Records of the Grand Historian Book of Han Book of the Later Han Records of the Three Kingdoms Flying Horse of Gansu Huainanzi Eight Immortals of Huainan Mawangdui Silk Texts Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals Yiwu Zhi Old Texts Han poetry Fu Eastern Han Chinese Government and military Ban Chao Ma Yuan Emperor list Family tree Three Lords and Nine Ministers Nine Ministers Three Ducal Ministers Kings Provinces and commanderies Protectorate of the Western Regions (Chief Official) Translation of government titles Economy Coinage Ancient Chinese coinage Silk Road Sino-Roman relations Science and technology Cai Lun Cai Yong Ding Huan Du Shi Hua Tuo Liu An Liu Xiang Liu Xin Luoxia Hong Sima Tan Wang Chong Zhang Heng Zhang Zhongjing Texts Balanced Discourse Book of Origins Book on Numbers and Computation Fangyan Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art Huangdi Neijing Shuowen Jiezi Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders Zhoubi Suanjing v t e Three Kingdoms (220–280) Cao Wei Shu Han Eastern Wu v t e Jin dynasty (266–420) topics History Conquest of Wu by Jin War of the Eight Princes Upheaval of the Five Barbarians Disaster of Yongjia Conquest of Cheng-Han by Jin Orchid Pavilion Gathering Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions Battle of Fei River Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions See also Emperors' family tree Sima clan family trees Sixteen Kingdoms Migration of the eight clans Eighteen History Books of Jin Book of Jin In Search of the Supernatural Jiankang Chronicles of Huayang Butterfly Lovers v t e Sixteen Kingdoms History Upheaval of the Five Barbarians Disaster of Yongjia Shi Le's conquest of North China Wei–Zhao War Conquest of Wei by Yan Huan Wen's Expeditions Fu Jian's unification of North China Battle of Fei River Liu Yu's Expeditions Northern Wei's unification of North China The 16 Kingdoms Xiongnu Han-Zhao (304–329) Northern Liang (397–460) Xia (407–431) Di Cheng-Han (304–347) Former Qin (351–394) Later Liang (386–403) Jie Later Zhao (319–351) Xianbei Former Yan (337–370) Later Yan (384–409) Western Qin (385–431) Southern Liang (397–414) Southern Yan (398–410) Qiang Later Qin (384–417) Han Former Liang (318–376) Western Liang (400–421) Northern Yan (407–436) Other states Short-lived Ran Wei (350–352) Duan Qi (350–356) Western Yan (384–394) Zhai Wei (388–392) Huan Chu (403–404) Qiao Shu (405–413) Tribes Yuwen Duan States Chouchi (296–580) Dai (310–376) Northern Wei (386–535) Involved Jin dynasty Jie Xiongnu Qiang Xianbei Di Dingling Goguryeo Key personalities Liu Yuan Liu Cong Shi Le Shi Hu Ran Min Huan Wen Fu Jian Wang Meng Murong Chui Yao Xing Tuoba Gui Tuoba Tao Liu Yu Histories of the Era Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms Book of Jin v t e Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589) Northern dynasties Northern Wei → (Western Wei | Eastern Wei → Northern Qi) → Northern Zhou Southern dynasties Liu Song → Southern Qi → Liang (Western Liang) → Chen v t e Sui dynasty topics Topics Three Departments and Six Ministries Military Goguryeo–Sui War Third Chinese domination of Vietnam Transition from Sui to Tang Wagang Army Grand Canal of China Anji Bridge Important people Emperor Wen Emperor Yang Yang You Yang Tong Yang Yong Dugu Qieluo Han Qinhu Yang Su Yang Xuangan Zhai Rang Li Mi Dou Jiande Wang Shichong Du Fuwei Yuwen Huaji v t e Tang dynasty topics History (Timeline) Transition from Sui to Tang Xuanwu Gate Incident Tang–Eastern Turks War Tang–Xueyantuo War Goguryeo–Tang War Baekje–Tang War Silla–Tang War Tang–Tibet relations Tang–Western Turks War Oasis states Karakhoja Karasahr Kucha Conquest Battle of Talas An Lushan rebellion Qingshui Treaty Niu–Li factional strife Changqing Treaty Sweet Dew incident Tang-Nanzhao conflicts Annan Songping Huang Chao Rebellion Government Emperor List House Family tree Chancellor Administrative divisions Jimi system Fanzhen Hebei Imperial examinations Official headwear Military Jiedushi Imperial guards Shence Army Shumiyuan Turkic generals Three Departments Department of State Affairs Secretariat Chancellery (Secretariat-Chancellery) Six Ministries Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Revenue Ministry of Rites Ministry of War Ministry of Justice Ministry of Works Protectorates Tang dynasty in Inner Asia Protectorate General to Pacify the West Four Garrisons of Anxi Beiting Protectorate Protectorate General to Pacify the North Protectorate General to Pacify the South Protectorate General to Pacify the East Ungjin Commandery Gyerim Territory Area Command Culture Art Sancai Poetry Three Hundred Tang Poems Playing card A Palace Concert Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy Huaisu's Autobiography Night-Shining White Kashyapa & Ananda Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum Autumn Dew Dazu Rock Carvings Leshan Giant Buddha Rongxian Giant Buddha Thousand-Buddha Cliff Writers Daoxuan (596–667) Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction Empress Zhangsun (601–636) Bianji (7th c.) Great Tang Records on the Western Regions Du Huan (751–762) Bai Xingjian (776–826) The Tale of Li Wa Lu Yu (733–804) The Classic of Tea Du Guangting (850–933) Yang Yunsong (9th c.) Green Satchel Classic Poets Luo Binwang (619–684) Du Shenyan (645–708) Wang Bo (650–676) Chen Zi'ang (656–702) He Zhizhang (659–744) Zhang Jiuling (673–740) Meng Haoran (689–740) Li Qi (690–751) Wang Changling (698–756) Wang Wei (699–759) Li Bai (701–762) Gao Shi (704–765) Liu Zhangqing (709–785) Du Fu (712–770) Zhang Ji (712–779) Cen Shen (715–770) Li Bi (722–789) Wei Yingwu (737–792) Lu Lun (739–799) Han Yu (768–824) Liu Yuxi (772–842) Bai Juyi (772–846) Liu Zongyuan (773–819) Yuan Zhen (779–831) Li Ye (d. 784) Li He (790–817) Niu Yingzhen (8th c.) Zhang Xu (8th c.) Du Mu (803–852) Wen Tingyun (812–866) Li Shangyin (813–858) Mo Xuanqing (834-?) Yu Xuanji (840–868) Du Qiuniang (9th c.) Liêu Hữu Phương (9th c.) Painters Yan Liben (600–673) Wu Daozi (680–760) Wang Wei (699–759) Viśa Īrasangä (7th c.) Han Gan (706–783) Zhang Xuan (713–755) Han Huang (723–787) Zhou Fang (730–780) Guanxiu (832–912) Jing Hao (855–915) Sun Wei (9th c.) Religion Buddhism Jizang (549–623) Daochuo (562–645) Shandao (613–681) Xuanzang (fl 602–664) Kuiji (632–682) Yijing (635–713) Faru (638–689) Vajrabodhi (671–741) Jianzhen (688–763) Amoghavajra (705–774) Mazu Daoyi (709–788) Baizhang Huaihai (720–814) Wukong (730–790) Yaoshan Weiyan (745–827) Huiguo (746–805) Puhua (770–860) Zhaozhou Congshen (778–897) Zhisheng (8th c.) Dongshan Liangjie (807–869) Yunmen Wenyan (862–949) Gikū (9th c.) Taoism Cheng Xuanying (fl 631–655) Lü Dongbin (796-?) Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Han Yu (768–824) Li Ao (772–841) Kong Yingda (574–648) Other Church of the East Xi'an Stele Islam during the Tang dynasty Chinese Manichaeism Science and technology Wang Xiaotong (580–640) Jigu Suanjing Xu Jingzong (592-672) Liang Lingzan The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities Li Chunfeng (602–670) Ten Computational Canons Su Jing Xinxiu bencao Sun Simiao (d. 682) Yi Xing (683–727) Gautama Siddha (fl 714–724) Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era Jia Dan (730–805) Toothbrush Woodblock printing Economy Diwu Qi Liu Yan Kaiyuan Tongbao Salt Commission Flying cash v t e Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (Timeline) Five Dynasties Later Liang (Jin) / Later Tang Later Jin Later Han Later Zhou Ten Kingdoms (Ten States) Wu Former Shu Chu Wuyue Min / (Yin) Southern Han Jingnan Later Shu Southern Tang Northern Han Other states Qi Zhao Yan De facto independent entities Yiwu Circuit Dingnan Circuit Qingyuan Circuit Jinghai Circuit Wuping Circuit [zh] Guiyi Circuit Lulong Circuit Neighboring states Balhae Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom Liao dynasty Tibetan kingdoms Dali Đại Việt Histories Old History of the Five Dynasties Historical Records of the Five Dynasties Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms Wudai Huiyao v t e Liao dynasty topics History Goryeo–Khitan War First conflict Second conflict Third conflict Chanyuan Treaty Northern Liao Western Liao Battle of Qatwan Eastern Liao Later Liao See also Khitan people Yelü clan Emperors Memorial for Yelü Yanning Administrative divisions Shangjing Linhuangfu Coinage History of Liao v t e Song dynasty topics History (Timeline) Chenqiao mutiny Unification Later Shu Southern Han Southern Tang Gaoliang River Song–Đại Cồ Việt war Song–Xia wars Chanyuan Treaty Wang Ze rebellion Nong Zhigao rebellions Song–Tibet relations Song–Viet war (1075–1077) Fang La rebellion Alliance Conducted at Sea Jin–Song Wars Jingkang Huangtiandang De'an Yancheng Treaty of Shaoxing Tangdao Caishi Caizhou Mongol conquest Diaoyucheng Xiangyang Yamen Government Emperors Family tree Imperial examinations Administrative units Sixteen Prefectures Military Bureau of Military Affairs Qingli Reforms New Policies Baojia system Three Bureaus Three Departments Department of State Affairs Secretariat Chancellery (Secretariat-Chancellery) Six Ministries Ministry of Personnel Ministry of Revenue Ministry of Rites Ministry of War Ministry of Justice Ministry of Works Culture and Society Religion Poetry Five Great Kilns Ding ware Ge ware Guan ware Jun ware Ru ware Longquan celadon Cizhou ware Qingbai ware Yaozhou ware Jian ware Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding Along the River During the Qingming Festival Four Great Books of Song Dongjing Meng Hua Lu Writers Fan Zhongyan (989–1052) Yan Shu (991–1055) Song Qi (998–1061) Mei Yaochen (1002–1060) Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) Su Xun (1009–1066) Shao Yong (1011–1077) Cai Xiang (1012–1067) Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) Zeng Gong (1019–1083) Sima Guang (1019–1086) Zhang Zai (1022–1077) Cheng Hao (1032–1085) Cheng Yi (1033–1107) Su Shi (1037–1101) Su Zhe (1039–1112) Huang Tingjian (1045–1105) Cai Jing (1047–1126) Zhou Bangyan (1056–1121) Li Qingzhao (1084–1155) Zhu Bian (1085–1144) Zhu Yu (fl. 1111–1117) Lu You (1125–1209) Fan Chengda (1126–1193) Yang Wanli (1127–1206) Zhu Xi (1130–1200) Xin Qiji (1140–1207) Zhao Rukuo (1170–1231) Painters Fan Kuan (960–1030) Xu Daoning (970–1053) Zhao Chang (10th c.) Yi Yuanji (1000–1064) Wen Tong (1019–1079) Guo Xi (1020–1090) Wang Shen (1036–1093) Li Gonglin (1049–1106) Cui Bai (fl. 1050–1080) Mi Fu (1051–1107) Emperor Huizong (1082–1135) Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) Su Hanchen (1094-1172) Wang Ximeng (1096–1119) Li Di (1100–1197) Zhao Boju (1120–1182) Liang Kai (1140–1210) Lin Tinggui (fl. 1174–1189) Zhou Jichang (12th c.) Wuzhun Shifan (1178–1249) Li Song (1190–1230) Zhao Mengjian (1199–1295) Muqi (1210–1269) Gong Kai (1222–1307) Qian Xuan (1235–1305) Economy Wang Anshi (1021–1086) Joint-stock company Banknote Jiaozi Guanzi Huizi Southern Song dynasty coinage Champa rice Nanhai One Zhu Fan Zhi Science and technology Gunpowder Gunpowder weapons Wujing Zongyao Coke Early Bessemer process Endless power transmitting chain drive Astronomical clock Movable type Compass Pound lock Dry dock Watertight bulkhead Fishing reel Tianchi basin Horner's method Architecture Liaodi Pagoda Yingzao Fashi Forensic entomology Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified Dream Pool Essays Inventors Bi Sheng (972–1051) Zhang Sixun (fl. 10th c.) Jia Xian (1010–1070) Su Song (1020–1101) Shen Kuo (1031–1095) Song Ci (1186–1249) Li Ye (1192-1279) Qin Jiushao (1202–1261) Guo Shoujing (1231–1316) v t e Western Xia topics Song–Xia wars Mongol conquest of Western Xia Tangut people Western Xia coinage Western Xia rulers family tree Western Xia mausoleums Fashion in Western Xia Baisigou Language Tangut language Tangut Script (Tangut numerals) v t e Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics History Alliance Conducted at Sea Military Jin–Song Wars Timeline Jingkang incident Huangtiandang Yancheng Tangdao Caishi Treaty of Shaoxing 1194 Yellow River flood Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty Yehuling Dachangyuan Daohuigu Sanfengshan Kaifeng Caizhou See also Jurchen people Wanyan clan Jiaochao Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) Huining Prefecture Zhongdu Yanqing Temple Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka History of Jin v t e Yuan dynasty topics History Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War Kaidu–Kublai war Kublai Khan's campaigns Mongol conquest of China anti-Mongol fortresses conquest of the Song dynasty Battle of Xiangyang Yamen Sakhalin Japan Vietnam Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Java invasion Burma Battle of Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Mongol invasion of Burma Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war War of the Two Capitals 1344 Yellow River flood Red Turban Rebellions Red Turban invasions of Goryeo Battle of Lake Poyang Ispah rebellion Government Emperors family tree Empresses Imperial Preceptor Zhongshu Sheng Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Mongolia Manchuria Tibet Dpon-chen Goryeo under Mongol rule Science and technology Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns Jiaochao Coinage Shiyi Dexiaofang Nong Shu Architecture Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) Miaoying Temple Pagoda of Bailin Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Jinan Great Southern Mosque Society and culture Yuan poetry History of Liao Jin Song Shilin Guangji Menggu Ziyun Wenxian Tongkao Zhongyuan Yinyun The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Zaju The Chalk Circle The Injustice to Dou E The Orphan of Zhao The Story of the Western Wing Semu Islam Fashion Other topics Mongols Mongol Empire Borjigin ʼPhags-pa script History of Yuan Khanbaliq Shangdu Northern Yuan v t e Ming dynasty topics History Early (1368–1435) Red Turban Rebellion Wu Mian rebellion Ming conquest of Yunnan Ming–Mong Mao War Campaign against the Uriankhai Battle of Buir Lake Lin Kuan rebellion Dao Ganmeng rebellion Jingnan campaign Ming treasure voyages Ming–Turpan conflict Ming–Đại Ngu War Battle of Palembang Battle of Kherlen Ming–Kotte War Lam Sơn uprising Campaigns against the Mongols Reign of Ren and Xuan Middle (1435–1572) Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns Tumu Crisis Defense of Beijing Rebellion of Cao Qin Miao rebellions Prince of Anhua rebellion Prince of Ning rebellion Capture of Malacca Japanese missions to Ming China Ningbo incident Great Rites Controversy Renyin plot Luso-Chinese agreement Jiajing wokou raids Single whip law Late (1572–1683) Jianzhou war Bozhou rebellion Ordos campaign Japanese invasions of Korea Donglin movement Sino-Dutch conflicts Liaoluo Bay Transition from Ming to Qing Jurchen unification Seven Grievances Sarhū Great Plague She-An Rebellion Peasant rebellions Jiashen Incident Shanhai Pass Southern Ming Kingdom of Tungning Government Emperor List Family tree House of Zhu Grand Secretariat Administrative divisions Eastern Depot Imperial Clan Court Princes Vassal prince Imperial Commissioner Grand coordinator Embroidered Uniform Guard Tusi Fotou Military Great Wall Gunpowder weapons Shenjiying Military conquests Nine Garrisons Frontiers Inner Asia Manchuria Tibet Vietnam Wokou Yunnan Compilations and documents History of Yuan The Hundred-word Eulogy Huang-Ming Zuxun Yongle Encyclopedia Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty Ming Veritable Records Palaces and mausoleums Forbidden City Chaotian Palace Ming Xiaoling Ming Ancestors Mausoleum Ming tombs Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Society and culture Poetry Musicians Painting Four Masters Wu School Zhe School Chinese lacquerware table Ming presentation porcelain Covered jar with carp design Yongning Temple Stele Tai history Islam Economy Coinage Hongwu Tongbao Yongle Tongbao Great Ming Treasure Note Other topics History of Ming v t e Qing dynasty topics History Early (1616–1683) Jurchen unification Later Jin Seven Grievances Later Jin invasion of Joseon Qing invasion of Joseon Transition from Ming to Qing Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Battle of Penghu Revolt of the Three Feudatories High Qing (1683–1799) Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing Wars Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–1736) Lhasa riot of 1750 Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas Afaqi Khoja revolts Sino-Burmese War Lin Shuangwen rebellion Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion 19th century (1801–1900) Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 First Opium War Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war) Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856) Small Swords Society Miao Rebellion (1854–1873) Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856) Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Punti–Hakka Clan Wars Amur Annexation Self-Strengthening Movement Tongzhi Restoration Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) Mudan incident Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim expedition Jindandao incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) Hundred Days' Reform Third plague pandemic Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance Declaration of war 20th century (1901–1912) Late Qing reforms British expedition to Tibet 1905 Batang uprising Preparative Constitutionalism 1909 Parliamentary election 1909 Provincial Assembly elections Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Manchurian plague Railway Protection Movement 1911 Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 1911 Revolution in Xinjiang Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi Articles of Favourable Treatment Manchu Restoration Government Emperor List Family tree Advisory Council Amban Consultative Bureau Cup of Solid Gold Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations Da-Qing Bank Deliberative Council Diplomatic missions Flag of the Qing dynasty Grand Council Great Qing Legal Code Imperial Clan Court Imperial Commissioner Imperial Household Department Lifan Yuan Ministry of Posts and Communications Nine Gates Infantry Commander Provincial governor Provincial military commander Principles of the Constitution (1908) Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Ejen Administrative divisions Viceroys Zhili Shaan-Gan Liangjiang Huguang Sichuan Min-Zhe Liangguang Yun-Gui Three Eastern Provinces Zongli Yamen Military Beiyang Army Eight Banners Ever Victorious Army Green Standard Army Imperial Guards Firearm Battalion Peking Field Force New Army Hushenying Shuishiying Wuwei Corps Yong Ying Chu Army Huai Army Xiang Army Navy Special regions Inner Asia Manchuria Mongolia Administrative divisions Tibet Golden Urn List of ambans Xinjiang Timeline General of Ili Taiwan Guest House of Imperial Envoys Palaces & mausoleums Chengde Mountain Resort Forbidden City Hetu Ala Mukden Palace Old Summer Palace Summer Palace Eastern Qing tombs Western Qing tombs Fuling Mausoleum Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty) Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Society & culture Booi Aha Changzhou School of Thought Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China Dibao Economy performance criticism Four Wangs History of Ming Kangxi Dictionary Kaozheng Literary inquisition Manchu Han Imperial Feast Peiwen Yunfu Pentaglot Dictionary Qing official headwear Qing poetry Complete Tang Poems Queue Researches on Manchu Origins Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor Shamanism during the Qing dynasty Islam during the Qing dynasty Complete Library of the Four Treasuries Annotated Bibliography Treaties Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) Treaty of Nerchinsk Unequal treaties Boxer Protocol Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Convention of Peking Convention of Tientsin Li–Lobanov Treaty Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Aigun Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Nanking Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) Treaty of Shimonoseki Treaty of Tarbagatai Treaty of Tientsin Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa Currency Coinage Zhiqian Kangxi Tongbao Qianlong Tongbao Hongqian Great Qing Copper Coin Great Qing Gold Coin Paper money Great Qing Treasure Note Hubu Guanpiao Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank Other topics Aisin Gioro Anti-Qing sentiment Canton System Chuang Guandong Draft History of Qing History of Qing (People's Republic) Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty Legacy of the Qing dynasty Manchu people Names of the Qing dynasty New Qing History Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Treaty ports Willow Palisade

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