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Beardfishes Temporal range: Late Cenomanian to present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Albian occurrence
Stout Beardfish, (P. nobilis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
(unranked):	Acanthomorpha
Order:	Polymixiiformes Rosen & Patterson, 1969
Family:	Polymixiidae Bleeker, 1859
Type species
Polymixia nobilis R. T. Lowe, 1838
Families
†Boreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013 †Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975 †Digoriidae Bannikov 1985 †Dinopterygidae Jordan, 1923 Polymixiidae Gill 1862 †Pycnosteroididae Patterson, 1964
Synonyms
Polymixioidei Bleeker 1859

The beardfishes consist of a single extant genus, Polymixia, of deep-sea marine ray-finned fish named for their pair of long hyoid barbels. They are classified in their own order Polymixiiformes /pɒliˈmɪksi.ɪfɔːrmiːz/. But as Nelson says, "few groups have been shifted back and forth as frequently as this one, and they were recently added to Paracanthoptergii". For instance, they have previously been classified as belonging to the Beryciformes, and are presently considered either paracanthopterygians or the sister group to acanthopterygians. They are of little economic importance.

They are found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Ocean. They are bottom-dwelling fish, found down to about 800 m (2,600 ft) depth. Most are relatively small fish, although one species, Polymixia berndti, is over 40 cm (16 in) in length.

The earliest body fossils are from the Late Cenomanian of Lebanon, of the genus Pycnosteroides. However, tentative earlier records are known from distinctive fossil otoliths from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of Texas, USA. Many different fossil families and genera are known from the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic, in contrast to the relatively few surviving species in a single genus. Extant beardfish can thus be considered "living fossils".

Classification

• Order Polymixiiformes Rosen & Patterson, 1969
  • Genus ?†Allocyclostoma Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
    • †A. alienus Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
  • Genus †Cumbaaichthys Murray 2016
    • †Cumbaaichthys oxyrhynchus Murray 2016
  • Genus †Severnichthys Stringer & Schwarzhans, 2021
    • †S. beauryi (Schwarzhans, 2010)
    • †S. bourdoni Stringer & Schwarzhans, 2021
  • Genus ?†Texoma Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
    • †T. cyclogaster Schwarzhans, Stringer & Welton, 2022
  • Family †Boreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013
    • Genus †Boreiohydrias Murray & Cumbaa 2013
      • †Boreiohydrias dayi Murray & Cumbaa 2013
  • Family †Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975
    • Genus †Dalmatichthys Radovčić 1975
      • †Dalmatichthys malezi Radovčić 1975
  • Family †Digoriidae Bannikov 1985
    • Genus †Digoria Daniltshenko, 1980
      • †Digoria ambigua Daniltshenko, 1980
  • Family †Dinopterygidae Jordan, 1923
    • Genus †Dinopteryx Woodward, 1901
      • †Dinopteryx spinosus (Davis, 1887)
  • Family Polymixiidae Gill 1862
    • Genus †Apricenaichthys Taverne 2011
      • †Apricenaichthys italicus
    • Genus †Berycopsia Radovčić 1975
      • †Berycopsia inopinnata Radovčić 1975
    • Genus †Berycopsis Dixon 1850
      • †B. elegans Dixon 1850
      • †B. germana (Agassiz 1839)
      • †B. pulcher Bannikov & Bacchia 2004
    • Genus †Cowetaichthys Schwarzhans, Huddleston & Takeuchi, 2018
      • †C. alabamae Schwarzhans, Huddleston & Takeuchi, 2018
      • †C. beauryi (Schwarzhans, 2010)
      • †C. carnevalei Schwarzhans & Stringer, 2020
      • †C. groenlandicus (Schwarzhans, 2004)
      • †C. harderi (Schwarzhans, 2003)
      • †C. lamberi Schwarzhans, Huddleston & Takeuchi, 2018
    • Genus †Homonotichthys Whitley 1933
      • †H. dorsalis (Dixon 1850)
      • †H. elegans (Dixon 1850)
      • †H. rotundus (Woodward 1902)
    • Genus †Namicauda Schwarzhans, Ohe & Ando, 2017
      • †Namicauda pulvinata Schwarzhans, Ohe & Ando, 2017
    • Genus †Omosoma Costa 1857
      • †O. garretti Bardack 1976
      • †O. pulchellum Davis 1887
      • †O. sahelalmae Costa 1857
      • †O. tselfatense Gaudant 1978
    • Genus †Omosomopsis Gaudant 1978
      • †Omosomopsis sima (Arambourg 1954) Gaudant 1978
    • Genus †Parapolymixia David 1946
      • †Parapolymixia californica David 1946
    • Genus †Pycnosterinx Heckel 1849
      • †P. discoides Heckel 1849
      • †P. dorsalis Pictet 1850
      • †P. heckelii Pictet 1850
      • †P. latus Davis 1887
      • †P. russeggeri Heckel 1849
    • Genus Polymixia Lowe 1836
      • P. berndti Gilbert 1905 (Pacific beardfish)
      • P. busakhini Kotlyar 1993 (Busakhin's beardfish)
      • P. carmenae Caixeta, Oliveira & de Melo, 2024 (Brazilian beardfish)
      • P. fusca Kotthaus 1970
      • †?P. harderi (Schwarzhans 2003)
      • P. hollisterae Grande & Wilson, 2021 (Bermuda beardfish)
      • P. japonica Günther 1877 (Silver eye)
      • P. longispina Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1983
      • P. lowei Günther 1859 (Beardfish)
      • P. nobilis Lowe 1838 (Stout beardfish)
      • †P. polita Schwarzhans 2012
      • P. salagomeziensis Kotlyar 1991
      • P. sazonovi Kotlyar 1992
      • P. yuri Kotlyar 1982

        

    • Genus †Polyspinatus Schrøder, Rasmussen, Møller & Carnevale, 2022
      • †Polyspinatus fluere Schrøder, Rasmussen, Møller & Carnevale, 2022
  • Family †Pycnosteroididae Patterson, 1964
    • Genus †Magrebichthys Murray & Wilson 2014
      • †Magrebichthys nelsoni Murray & Wilson 2014
    • Genus †Pycnosteroides Woodward, 1942
      • †Pycnosteroides levispinosus (Hay, 1903)

Timeline of genera

References

1. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Polymixiiformes". FishBase. February 2006 version.
2. Joseph S. Nelson (29 April 1994). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-54713-1.
3. ^ Paxton, John R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
4. ^ Schrøder, Ane Elise; Rasmussen, Jan Audun; Møller, Peter Rask; Carnevale, Giorgio (2022-08-31). "A new beardfish (Teleostei, Polymixiiformes) from the Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (2). doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2142914. hdl:10037/28645. ISSN 0272-4634.
5. ^ Schwarzhans, Werner; Stringer, Gary L.; Welton, Bruce (2022-12-01). "Oldest Teleostean Otolith Assemblage from North America (Pawpaw Formation, Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian, northeast Texas, USA)". Cretaceous Research. 140: 105307. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105307. ISSN 0195-6671.
6. ^ Murray, Alison M. (2014). "Mid-Cretaceous acanthomorph fishes with the description of a new species from the Turonian of Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 1: 101–115. doi:10.18435/B5CC78. ISSN 2292-1389.
7. ^ De Cia Caixeta, Heloísa; Oliveira, Claudio; Melo, Marcelo Roberto Souto de (2024-03-01). "Another piece of the living fossil puzzle: A new species of Polymixia Lowe, 1836 (Polymixiiformes: Polymixiidae) from the western South Atlantic". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 205: 104249. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104249. ISSN 0967-0637.
8. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Polymixiomorpha – beardfishes and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
9. "Part 7- Vertebrates". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
10. Stringer, Gary; Schwarzhans, Werner (2021). "Upper Cretaceous teleostean otoliths from the Severn Formation (Maastrichtian) of Maryland, USA, with an unusual occurrence of Siluriformes and Beryciformes and the oldest Atlantic coast Gadiformes". Cretaceous Research. 125: 104867. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104867. ISSN 0195-6671.
11. SCHWARZHANS, WERNER W.; HUDDLESTON, RICHARD W.; TAKEUCHI, GARY T. (2018-01-22). "A LATE SANTONIAN FISH-FAUNA FROM THE EUTAW FORMATION OF ALABAMA RECONSTRUCTED FROM OTOLITHS". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research In Paleontology and Stratigraphy). V. 124: N. 1 (2018). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/9624.
12. Schwarzhans, Werner; Ohe, Fumio; Ando, Yusuke (2017). "An Early Oligocene fish-fauna from Japan reconstructed from otoliths". Zitteliana: 3–26. doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.40475. ISSN 0373-9627.
13. "Bulletin Volume 65 – 2017". Dansk Geologisk Forening (in Danish). 2017-02-15. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2017-65-05. Retrieved 2024-07-28.

• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

• Polymixiiformes
• Fish of Hawaii
• Extant Cenomanian first appearances