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Pomeranian
Other names	Pom Dwarf Spitz German Toy Spitz
Common nicknames	Pom Dog, Pom-Pom, Pom, Zwers
Origin	Pomerania: Germany and Poland
Traits Height 7 to 12 inches (18 to 30 cm) Weight 3 to 7 pounds (1.4 to 3.2 kg)
Kennel club standards VDH standard Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Pomeranian (also known as a Pom, Pommy or Pome) is a breed of dog of the Spitz type that is named for the Pomerania region in north-west Poland and north-east Germany in Central Europe. Classed as a toy dog breed because of its small size, the Pomeranian is descended from larger Spitz-type dogs, specifically the German Spitz.

The breed has been made popular by a number of royal owners since the 18th century. Queen Victoria owned a particularly small Pomeranian, and consequently, the smaller variety became universally popular. During Queen Victoria's lifetime alone, the size of the breed decreased by half. As of 2017, in terms of registration figures, since at least 1998, the breed has ranked among the top fifty most popular breeds in the United States, and the current fashion for small dogs has increased their popularity worldwide.

Appearance

Pomeranians are small dogs weighing 1.36–3.17 kilograms (3.0–7.0 lb) and standing 8–14 inches (20–36 cm) high at the withers. They are compact but sturdy dogs with an abundant textured coat with a highly plumed tail set high and flat. The top coat forms a ruff of fur on the neck, which Poms are well known for, and they also have a fringe of feathery hair on the hindquarters.

The earliest examples of the breed were white or occasionally brown or black. Queen Victoria adopted a small red Pomeranian in 1888, which caused that color to become fashionable by the end of the 19th century. In modern times, the Pomeranian comes in the widest variety of colors of any dog breed, including white, black, brown, red, orange, cream, blue, sable, black and tan, brown and tan, spotted, brindle, parti, and blue Merle, plus combinations of those colors. The most common colors are orange, black, and cream/white.

• Cream-colored Pomeranian
• Orange sable Pomeranian
• Tri-colored Pomeranian
• Red Sable Pomeranian
• Black Pomeranian
• White Pomeranian
• Black and tan Pomeranian
• Chocolate Pomeranian

Behaviour

Pomeranians are alert and aware of changes in their environment, and barking at new stimuli can develop into a habit of barking excessively in any situation. They are somewhat defensive of their territory and thus may bark when they hear outside noises.

Health

A UK study found a life expectancy of 12.2 years for the Pomeranian. A Japanese study of pet cemetery data found a life expectancy of 14 years, below the average of 15.3 years for cross-breed dogs below 10kgs.

Pomeranians are one of the breeds with the smallest average litter size, with various sources giving numbers of between 1.9 and 2.7 puppies per litter.

Dermatological conditions

The Pomeranian is significantly predisposed to alopecia X with Pomeranians comprising 79.3% of the case load of a referral clinic in Japan and 26.5% of an endocrine alopecia case load in the US.

Skeletal conditions

A study in England found the prevalence patellar luxation to be 6.5% in the Pomeranian, the highest prevalence out of all breeds in the study. A USA study found an odds ratio of 18.6 compared to crossbreeds. Another study in the US found the Pomeranian to make up 9.3% of the caseload. In Thailand prevalence was found as high as 75% in one study and a 28.9% caseload in another.

Gastrointestinal conditions

A study in the US found a prevalence of 0.29% for congenital portosystemic shunt, an odds ratio of 5.6 compared to mixed-breed dogs.

A Japanese study found the Pomeranian to be significantly predisposed to gallbladder mucocoele with an odds ratio of 7.74 compared to the overall referral population.

Neurological conditions

In case studies of atlantoaxial subluxation the Pomeranian was found to comprise 10.6% of cases in Japan, 46.7% in the UK, and 10.5% and 6.5% in the US.

Other conditions

Merle-colored dogs may have mild to severe deafness, blindness, increased intraocular pressure, ametropia, microphthalmia, and colobomas. Merle dogs born from parents who are also both merles may additionally have abnormalities of the skeletal, cardiac and reproductive systems.

In case studies of referral clinics for tracheal collapse the Pomeranian made up 6%, 13.5%, and 16.7% of three referral caseloads in the US and 11.9% of a referral caseload in South Korea. In an Australian study on a referral population the Pomeranian had a 9.3% prevalence.

Another common disorder in male Pomeranians is cryptorchidism. This is when either one or both of the testicles do not descend into the scrotum. It is treated through surgical removal of the retained testicle.

In China, 54.6% of Pomeranians attending veterinary clinics were obese.

History

Origins

The Pomeranian is considered to be descended from the German Spitz. The breed is thought to have acquired its name by association with the area known as Pomerania which is located in northern Poland and Germany along the Baltic Sea. Although not the origin of the breed, this area is credited with the breeding that led to the original Pomeranian type of dog. Proper documentation was lacking until the breed's introduction into the United Kingdom.

An early modern recorded reference to the Pomeranian breed is from 2 November 1764, in a diary entry in James Boswell's Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland. "The Frenchman had a Pomeranian dog named Pomer whom he was mighty fond of." The offspring of a Pomeranian and a wolf bred by an animal merchant from London is discussed in Thomas Pennant's A Tour in Scotland from 1769.

Two members of the British Royal Family influenced the evolution of the breed. In 1767, Queen Charlotte, Queen-consort of King George III of Great Britain, brought two Pomeranians to England.

Named Phoebe and Mercury, the dogs were depicted in paintings by Sir Thomas Gainsborough. These paintings depicted a dog larger than the modern breed, reportedly weighing as much as 30–50 lb (14–23 kg), but showing modern traits such as the heavy coat, ears and a tail curled over the back.

Queen Victoria, Queen Charlotte's granddaughter, was also an enthusiast and established a large breeding kennel. One of her favoured dogs was a comparatively small red sable Pomeranian which she possibly named "Windsor's Marco" and was reported to weigh only 12 lb (5.4 kg). When she first exhibited Marco in 1891, it caused the smaller-type Pomeranian to become immediately popular, and breeders began selecting only the smaller specimens for breeding. During her lifetime, the size of the Pomeranian breed was reported to have decreased by 50%. Queen Victoria worked to improve and promote the Pomeranian breed by importing smaller Pomeranians of different colours from various European countries to add to her breeding program. Royal owners during this period also included Joséphine de Beauharnais, the wife of Napoleon I of France, and King George IV of the United Kingdom.

The first breed club was set up in England in 1891, and the first breed standard was written shortly afterwards. The first member of the breed was registered in the United States to the American Kennel Club in 1898, and it was recognized in 1900.

In 1912, two Pomeranians were among only three dogs to survive the sinking of RMS Titanic. A Pomeranian called "Lady", owned by Margaret Bechstein Hays, escaped with her owner in lifeboat number seven, while Elizabeth Barrett Rothschild took her pet to safety with her in lifeboat number six.

Glen Rose Flashaway won the Toy Group at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1926, the first Pomeranian to win a group at Westminster. It would take until 1988 for the first Pomeranian, "Great Elms Prince Charming II", to win the Best in Show prize from the Westminster Kennel Club.

In the standard published in 1998, the Pomeranian is included in the German Spitz standard, along with the Keeshond, by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.

Popularity

The Pomeranian has been among the more popular dog breeds in the United States, featuring consistently in the top 20 of registered American Kennel Club dog breeds since at least 1998, when it was ranked #10; the breed was #17 in the 2011 rankings, dropping two spots from the previous year. In 2012 and 2013 it remained in the top twenty and was ranked at #19. In 2015, the breed fell to #21, falling further to #22 in both 2016 and 2017.

It is not listed in the top 20 breeds in the UK in either 2007 or 2008. In Australia their popularity has declined since 1986, with a peak of 1,128 Pomeranians registered with the Australian National Kennel Council in 1987; only 577 were registered in 2008. However, this is an increase from 2004, when only 491 dogs were registered.

See also

• Companion dog
• Boo (dog)
• Lap dog
• Therapy dog

References

1. Cunliffe, Juliette (1999). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7525-8018-0.
2. ^ Hale, Rachael (2008). Dogs: 101 Adorable Breeds. Andrews McMeel. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7407-7342-6.
3. "Pomeranian History". Premier Pomeranians. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
4. "What is a Pomeranian". Web Answers. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
5. Coile, D. Caroline (2007). Pomeranians for Dummies. For Dummies. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-470-10602-0.
6. "A Pup For Christmas". The Sydney Morning Herald. 25 November 1974. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
7. McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
8. INOUE, Mai; KWAN, Nigel C. L.; SUGIURA, Katsuaki (2018). "Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 80 (7). Japanese Society of Veterinary Science: 1153–1158. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0384. ISSN 0916-7250. PMID 29798968.
9. Borge, Kaja Sverdrup; Tønnessen, Ragnhild; Nødtvedt, Ane; Indrebø, Astrid (March 2011). "Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 75 (5): 911–919. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034. PMID 21196028. Pomeranian and Toy Poodle had the smallest mean litter size in our study , which is in line with the results of previous studies . A mean litter size of 2.0 puppies in Pomeranian was reported in the Australian study (n 2) . In studies including only registered puppies, Lyngset et al , Tedor and Bergström et al found a mean litter size of 2.04 (n 108), 2.71 (n 33,648) and 1.9 (n 954) puppies in Pomeranian, respectively.
10. ^ Gough, Alex; Thomas, Alison; O'Neill, Dan (23 April 2018). Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-1-119-22554-6.
11. O’Neill, Dan G.; Meeson, Richard L.; Sheridan, Adam; Church, David B.; Brodbelt, Dave C. (2016). "The epidemiology of patellar luxation in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England". Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 3 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s40575-016-0034-0. ISSN 2052-6687. PMC 4898461. PMID 27280025.
12. Tobias, Karen M.; Rohrbach, Barton W. (1 December 2003). "Association of breed with the diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: 2,400 cases (1980–2002)". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 223 (11): 1636–1639. doi:10.2460/javma.2003.223.1636. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 14664452.
13. Kutsunai, M.; Kanemoto, H.; Fukushima, K.; Fujino, Y.; Ohno, K.; Tsujimoto, H. (2014). "The association between gall bladder mucoceles and hyperlipidaemia in dogs: A retrospective case control study". The Veterinary Journal. 199 (1). Elsevier BV: 76–79. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.019. ISSN 1090-0233. PMID 24268484.
14. "Merle Gene" (PDF). GenMark. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
15. ^ Ward, Ernest (2009). "Cryptorchidism in Dogs". Shores Animal Clinic. Lifelearn. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
16. ^ Vanderlip, Sharon (2007). The Pomeranian Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 2–8. ISBN 978-0-7641-3545-3.
17. Boswell, James (1764). Pottle, Frederick A. (ed.). Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 165. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
18. Pennant, Thomas (1776). A Tour in Scotland 1769 (Fourth ed.). Benj White. p. 159. Retrieved 29 November 2009. pomeranian.
19. "Annual Dog Work Is In 37th Year". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 20 September 1964. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
20. "Lost and Fond: Fate of the Pets Who Sailed on the Titanic". Caittom Publishing. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
21. "Best in Show Winners". Westminster Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
22. "FCI-Standard N° 97: German Spitz, Including Keeshond And Pomeranian". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. 5 March 1998. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
23. "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
24. "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
25. "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
26. "Top Twenty Breeds in Registration Order for the Years 2007 and 2008" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2009.

Further reading

• Grant, Lexiann (2006). The Pomeranian. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-7938-3646-8. OCLC 69734516.
• Tietjen, Sari Brewster (1987). The New Pomeranian. New York: Howell Book House. ISBN 978-0-87605-251-8. OCLC 16579458.

External links

• Toy dogs
• FCI breeds
• Companion dogs
• Dog breeds originating in Germany
• Dog breeds originating in Prussia
• Dog breeds originating in Poland
• Pomerania
• Spitz breeds