Misplaced Pages

Ama-Mpondo
Ama-Mpondo

The son of Mpondo King Faku (before 1864)
Total population
~5 million
Regions with significant populations
South Africa
Languages
IsiXhosa, English
Religion
Christianity, African Traditional Religion
Related ethnic groups
Xhosa, Mpondomise, Thembu, Xesibe Swati, Hlubi, Zulu other Bantu peoples

The Mpondo-People, or simply batter known as Ama-Mpondo, is a kingdom in what is now known as the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It was established in March 1224. The Ama-Mpondo-Nation was first ruled by its founder who was King Mpondo ka-Njanya who lived around and later the 'Ama-Nyawuza' clan (a royal clan of the Ama-Mpondo-nation), by nationality referred to themselves as 'Ama-Mpondo'. They are related to other Aba-Mbo-People's and chiefdoms in South Africa.

Origins

This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Misplaced Pages's quality standards, as it is meandering and ungrammatical, most notably in the opening sentences. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (June 2020)

The story of the origins of ema-Mpondweni/Mpondoland was told to personify and symbolise the fact that it was a nation with lands shaped like a horn, when it includes the lands ema-Mpondomiseni, and to make it easier for telling Iintsomi, meaning educative stories. Taking Prince Mpondo as the son since it was used for defending and Prince Mpondomise as the elder son since it was used for attacking and negotiation. Thus according to the Ama-Mpondo oral tradition, they are the legendary descendants of King Mpondo himself the son of King Khubazi or otherwise Known as Njanya, the grandson of King Sibiside who was the leader of the once-powerful Embo-nation (Aba-Mbo or Ma-Mbo). the Mpondo people themselves are part of the Aba-Mbo-group are one of the few tribes that resided with the San bushman long before other tribes arrived.They are as indigenous as the San, Amampondomise, khoi and AmaXesibe in Southern Africa. This is evident from the ruling plant in the coast south-east of Africa and north-west of Madagascar, the marijuana plant. It grows in abundance from ema-Mpondweni/Mpondoland up the coast and the coast of Madagascar. It is through king Sibiside that he is the Mpondo-people's forefather of the nation emerges together with other well-known nations. Mpondo-people share a common lineage with Ama-Mpondomise-people, Ama-Xesibe-People, Abakwa-Mkhize-Chieftaincy, Ama-Bomvu or Ama-Bomvana-Nation.

King Sibiside's offspring:

1. Prince Mavovo

(King Sibiside's heir and father of the Mkhize-clan)

1. Princess Nomafu

(Ama-Bomvu or Ama-Bomvana)

1. Prince Khubazi {•Njanya•}

(Ama-Mpondo, Ama-Mpondomise, Ama-Xesibe)

Mpondo-People and Mpondomise were twins. There is an ongoing argument about the twin who was the eldest, the most commonly held view is that Prince Mpondomise is the senior twin. It is said that while out hunting, Prince Mpondo killed a lion and refused to hand over the skin to Prince Mpondomise as was the custom (the senior was entitled to skins of certain animals). The tension between the two started from that day and Prince Mpondo and his followers were the first ones to leave and settle elsewhere away from their father's land.

King Shaka's invasion on the Ama-Mpondo-Kingdom

When Mpondo King Faku was attacked by Zulu-King Shaka Ka-Senzakhona, he appealed to the Thembu King Ngubengcuka and the Xhosa King Hintsa for help with defeating the Zulu-king Shaka and the message was also sent to Grahamstown by time Grahamstown had sent their soldiers to complement the Xhosa, Thembu and Mpondo armies, King Shaka's warriors were long gone the combined force then proceeded to attack AmaNgwane thinking it was Ama-Zulu.

The Ama-Ngwane warriors died in large numbers on that day and were successfully expelled from Thembu|land Some became refugees hiding in the mountains all of their cattle were taken and there was not even a cow for remaining the surviving the Ngwane-people submitted themselves to the AbaThembu others went to join AmaMpondo and other Kingdoms.

Ama-Mpondo-Kingdom

The great house of Mpondo is called Ndimakude Great Palace and is situated in Flagstaff, Eastern Cape. The right-hand house is called Nyandeni Great Place and is situated in Libode, Eastern Cape. The Nyandeni house enjoyed autonomy for decades and was often referred to as Western Mpondo-land, while the Qawukeni house was referred to as Eastern Mpondo-land.

The towns in the Mpondo-kingdom include Lusikisiki, Siphaqeni (known as Flagstaff), Mbizana (erroneously called Bizana), Ntabankulu, Port St. Johns, Libode and Ngqeleni.

Mzintlava (now known as Kokstad) was allotted to Adam Kok of the Griquas.

• King Mnguni-1st (Son of ???????????)

• King Yeyeye-1st (Son of Mnguni-1st)

• King Godongwane-1st (Son of Yeyeye-1st)

• King Yeyeye-2nd (Son of Godongwane-1st)

• King Godongwane-2nd (Son of Yeyeye-2nd)

• King Ntunsingana (Son of Godongwane-2nd)

• King Mumbo (Son of Ntunsingana)

• King Hlumbo (Son of Mumbo)

• King Mbokane (Son of Hlumbo)

• King Lumbane (Son of Mbokane)

• King Lobamba (Son of Lumbane)

• King Lubombo (Son of Lobamba)

• King Mbabane (Son of Lubombo)

• King Mankayane (Son of Mbabane)

• King Hlathikhulu (Son of Mankayane)

• King Zumbane (Son of Hlathikhulu)

• King Nhlangano (Son of Zumbane)

• King Mbombela (Son of Nhlangano)

• King Zehlendaba (Son of Mbombela)

• King Gubhela (Son of Zehlendaba)

• King Khubone (Son of Gubhela)

• King Mgebelezana (Son of Khubone)

• King Ndlozela (Son of Mgebelezana)

• King Sidwabasiluthuli (Son of Ndlozela)

• King Sibiside (Son of Sidwabasiluthuli)

(Born:1120-Died:1202)

• King Khubazi (Son of Sibiside)

(Born:1151-Died:1225)

• King Mpondo (Son of Khubazi)

(Born:1204-Died:1280)

• King Sithula (Son of Mpondo)

(Born:1232-Died:1318)

• King Mithwa (Son of Sithula)

(Born:1264-Died:1351)

• King Santsabe (Son of Mithwa)

(Born:1303-Died:1385)

• King Khondwane (Son of Santsabe)

(Born:1347-Died:1425)

• King Shukude (Son of Khondwane)

(Born:1380-Died:1456)

• King Hlambangobubende (Son of Shukude)

(Born:1406-Died:1471)

• King Ziqelekazi (Son of Hlambangobubende)

(Born:1435-Died:1494)

• King Mhlamandane (Son of Ziqelekazi)

(Born:1458-Died:1513)

• King Thobe (Son of Mhlamandane)

(Born:1482-Died:1539)

• King Msiza (Son of Thobe)

(Born:1502-Died:1569)

• King Ncindise (Son of Msiza)

(Born:1527-Died:1591)

• King Cabe (Son of Ncindise)

(Born:1553-Died:1619)

• King Gangatha (Son of Cabe)

(Born:1585-Died:1643)

• King Bhala (Son of Gangatha)

(Born:1610-Died:1664)

• King Chithwayo (Son of Bhala)

(Born:1643-Died:1696)

• King Ndayeni (Son of Chithwayo)

(Born:1669-Died:1721)

• King Thahle (Son of Ndayeni)

(Born:1692-Died:1755)

• King Nyawuza (Son of Thahle)

(Born:1720-Died:1782)

• King Ngqungqushe (Son of Nyawuza)

(Born:1763-Died:1818)

• King Faku (Son of Ngqungqushe)

(Born:1789-Died:1867) as Regent Then as Monarchy

• King Mqikela (Son of Faku)

(Born:1831-Died:1887)

• King Sigcawu (Son of Mqikela)

(Born:1856-Died:1905)

• Regency-King Mhlanga (Son of Mqikela)

(He was a Regent for his nephew Prince Marhelane Ka-Sigcawu who was still in high-school at time and underage to rule his people).

(Born:1863-Died:1917)

• King Marhelane (Son of Sigcawu)

(Born:1890-Died:1921)

• Regency-King Mswakezi (Son of Sigcawu)

(he too was a regent for his nephew Prince Mandlonke Ka-Marhelane who was his late brother's Main-son because he was to young to rule his people).

(Born:1887-Died:1949)

• King Mandlonke (Son of Marhelane)

(He was the first to be king but because he died without Producing his own children so the royal family decided to give the throne to his twin brother who took over from him).

(Born:1909-Died:1937)

• King Manzolwandle (Son of Marhelane)

(Born:1913-Died:1978)

• Chief Mandalenkosi (Son of Marhelane)

(Born:1909-Died:1970)

• Chief Zwelidumile (Son of Mandalenkosi)

(Born:1948-Died:1984)

• King Mpondombini (Son of Manzolwandle)

(Born:1942-Died:2013)

• King Zanozuko (Son of Zwelidumile)

(Born:1974-Died:2022)

• King Yolisa (Son of Zanozuko)

(Born:1997-Alive:Aging)

(He is the current reigning monarch of Ama-Mpondo-people in South Africa today Since 2022 to Present-Day).

Mpondo clans and tributary clans

There are three types of clans you find in Mpondo-land (kwa-Mpondo/ema-Mpondweni) today. First, there clans that arise out of the many houses of the Kings listed in the section above is ( King Mpondo's descendants). Secondly, there are clans of the older Aba-Mbonambi Ma-Mbo Clan from which Mpondo himself was born out, therefore these are people of his ancestors. Thirdly, there are clans who have immigrated to Mpondo-land and now pay tribute to the Mpondo kingdom.

In more detail:

• From Sihula we have Imi-Qwane, Ama-Ntusi (The elder son called Mbangweni and the young brother called Gavu kaMbangweni)
• From Mthwa we have Imi-Thaw, Ama-Woshe, Ama-Ngcwangule, Ama-Gingqi, Ama-Khwalo, Ama-Beko
• From Mkhondwane we have Ama-Ntlane, Ama-Valela, Ama-Gcuda
• From Sukude we have Ama-Same, Ama-Ncenjane
• From Cabe we have Ama-Cabe, Ama-Tshomane, Ama-Dwerha, Ama-Qhiya, Ama-Njilo, Ama-Gqwarhu, Ama-Nqanda
• From Gangatha we have Ama-Gangatha, Imi-Capathi
• From Bhala we have Ama-Bhala, Ama-Chithwayo, Ama-Khonjwayo, Ama-Nyathi, Ama-Heleni, Ama-Ngcoya, Ama-Jola (not to be confused with Ama-Mpondomise clan)
• From Ndayini we have Ama-Ndayini
• From Thahle we have Ama-Thahle
• From Nyawuza we have Ama-Nyawuza, Ama-Faku, oNgqungqushe.

Some of the following clans were followers of Mpondo kings from the beginning, some only came later during the reign of Faku:

• Ama-Yalo
• Ama-Mpisi
• Ama-Ngcikwa
• Ama-Khanyayo
• Imi-Zizi
• Ama-Ntshangase
• Ama-Khwetshube
• Ama-Ngutyana
• Ama-Ndunu
• Izi-langwe (lineage of the silangwe clan according to the oral history)

1960 revolts

Causes

There were varying reasons that led to the revolts notably the land rehabilitation programme, the Bantu Authorities System and the increase in taxes.

The land rehabilitation programme

The land rehabilitation programme was a system that entailed the colonisers keeping the fertile soils to themselves and allocating the less fertile lands to the local people. The Mpondo people revolted against this.

The Bantu Authorities System

This system brought about tension between the people of Pondoland and their chiefs. The Bantu Authorities System created a pseudo sense of power as colonial authorities gave chiefs limited power, ensuring that administrative duties were still being assigned to the colonial government. This disrupted the system as people were used to being consulted at the Inkundla before decisions were made. Inkundla was when members of a community met together to discuss issues affecting the district/area and made decisions.

Series of events leading to the 1960 revolts

The first signs of revolt were apparent through local vigilante groups such as the Makhuluspani. The Makhuluspani was a group that was created in a bid to combat stock theft in the districts of Tsolo and Qumbu in the 1950s. It is reported that these groups targeted headmen and chiefs who were cooperating or suspected to be cooperating with the colonial government. There were also conflicts around the Bizana area during that same year as the government intended to fence off a certain area on the coastal area to reserve the forests and coastal zones without having consulted the people of Mpondo-land. People were evicted out of their land, and at one stage during evictions police were attacked.

In 1959, in the Bizana district, Saul Mabude who was the chairman of the district authority and advocate for the Bantu Authorities system was asked to meet with the people of that community. He was tasked with explaining the Bantu Authorities system to them, however he did not show up as he feared for his life. The consequence to his actions resulted in him having his house burnt and the police terrorizing the people in that area. This did not deter the Mpondo people from mobilising against the government, who made it clear to Chief Sigcawu, who was the King at the time that the Bantu system was not going to be enforced on their watch.

In June 1960 a meeting was called at Ngquza Hill. These meetings had become the norm during the apartheid era around that area as people used them to educate each other on the events that were taking place, thus the meetings on the hill were not held secretly. The police were tipped about the meeting, who in turn upon their arrival fired on the people at the hill. This resulted in the arrest of 23 people and the death of 11 people. In retaliation, there was an ambush on a police patrol in Flagstaff. These people were shot at by the police, resulting in the injury of two policemen and the arrest of one headman.

In November 1960 in Flagstaff, a mass meeting was called at Ngqanduli. Chief Vukayibambe called the police and helped disperse the meeting. One of the protesters was killed, this resulting in Vukayibambe's kraal being set on fire and his death. All those who had an affiliation with the chief and supported him were killed, injured and their kraals set alight. The police were sent to defuse the situation.

Stabilisation of the revolts

A commission of inquiry was held right after the massacre. The demands from the people of Pondoland entailed the Bantu Authorities, Bantu Education Acts being withdrawn, the relief from taxes. Their demands were not met, and in retaliation the Pondo boycotted all white owned stores in Pondoland.

By the end of November 1960, a state of emergency was declared in Pondoland, in Flagstaff, Bizana, Tabankulu, Lusikisiki and Mount Ayliff. No one could access those areas without a permit, and the west of Umtata was closed off. The revolts were shut down through heavy policing and raiding tax evaders. The Bantu Home Guard was also established by the chiefs in a bid to shut down the revolts, with the aid of the military force that was sent by the state in a bid to subjugate the areas in Pondoland where the revolts had occurred until 1963.

In 1960, a total of 4,769 had been imprisoned during this period of the revolts from 1950 and 1960, and 2,067 brought to trial and it is reported that 30 people were sentenced to death during August and October in 1961.

Arts and entertainment

The Mpondo people are one of the major tribes that produce and consumes the genre of music called Maskandi but the Mpondo people are unique in a performance of ukusina(Nguni dance) and their own traditional dance called "imfene" (baboon dance). This dance(imfene) is performed by young ones and adults of both sexes to the sounds of Maskandi music.

Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival

Mpondo Culture and Heritage Festival is celebrated annually by Mpondo to celebrate their culture and heritage. It is the biggest cultural event celebrated in the Kingdom attended by approximately over 20,000 people preceded by the Annual Mpondo Reed Dance. It is held in September of every year at Lwandlolubomvu Great Place, Ntabankulu; palace of the customary head Jongilanga Sigcau. Ntabankulu is the mountainous part of the Mpondo Kingdom surrounded by the great Mzimvubu River. Ntabankulu in Mpondo language means 'Big Mountains'. September is important in Mpondo history as it was originally the Mpondo new year in the ancient Mpondo calendars and also two of the Mpondo Kings King Mqikela and King Sigcau were born on this month. The Mpondo culture and Heritage Festival also celebrates the roles played by these icons, including the legendary kings Faku, Mqikela, Sigcawu, Marhelane amongst others. This events also seeks to promote cultural diversity through sharing of Mpondo culture and heritage with other cultures from South Africa, broader African continent and beyond the oceans. It attracts a lot of tourists, both local and international, and is one of the biggest events in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

Lunar Calendar

According to the ancient Aba-Mbo people, including Mpondo September is the first month of the year. There are some Mpondo people who recognise the appearance of the Pleiades ("isilimela") to signal the beginning of the year, but it is most likely that this interpretation was adopted from the sotho people. Mpondo calendar is as follows commencing with uMphanda the first month of the year according to the ancient Mpondo Calendar.

• u-Mphanda (September)
• u-Zibandlela (October)
• u-Lwezi (November)
• u-Ntsinga (December)
• u-Ntlolanja (January)
• u-Ndazosela (February)
• u-m'Basa (March)
• u-Mgudlula (April)
• u-Ntlangula (May)
• u-Ntulikazi (June)
• u-Ncwabakazi (July)
• u-Mfumfu (August)

Notable Mpondo leaders

• Gquma - queen of the Tshomane Mpondo
• Nkosi Ntsikayezwe Sigcau – ANC activist
• Stella Sigcau – former ANC MP

See also

• Botha Sigcau
• Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase
• Faku kaNgqungqushe
• Ngqungqushe kaNyawuza
• Ndamase
• Sigcau
• Isinuka Mud Caves and Sulphur Pools
• List of current constituent African monarchs
• Mpondoland
• Mpondomise people
• Xhosa clan names

References

1. Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
2. ^ Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
3. Mpondo people, Encyclopædia Britannica (2007)
4. Mkhize, Siyabonga (2009). Uhlanga Lwas'eMbo. Sibiside Publishers. ISBN 978-0-620-43055-5.
5. ^ Soga, John Henderson (1930). The South Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala. Witwatersrand University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-06682-2.
6. Khumalo, Dumisani. "The Invasion of AmaMpondo". Document Analysis system.
7. Ciqala, Macko. "Mpondo". Analysis.
8. ^ Ndamase, Victor Poto (1926). Ama-Mpondo: Ibali ne-ntlalo. Lovedale Institution Press.
9. ^ Jackson, A. O. (1974). The Ethnic Composition of the Ciskei and Transkei: Ethnological Publications No. 53. ISBN 0 621 021032.
10. Murray, Colin; Williams, Gavin (1994). "Editorial: Land and Freedom in South Africa". Review of African Political Economy. 21 (61): 315–324. doi:10.1080/03056249408704062. JSTOR 4006143.
11. Pieterse.Traditionalists, traitors and sell-outs: the roles and motives of ‘ama-qaba’, ‘aba-ngcatshi’ and ‘aba-thengisi’ in the Mpondo-land Revolt of 1960 to 1961. Department of Historical and Heritage Studies.Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria .2007.51
12. ^ Kepe and Ntsebeza. Rural Resistance in South Africa. The Mpondo Revolts after Fifty Years. Koninklikje Brill NV.2011.26.https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/31865/ASC-075287668-3033-01.pdf?sequence=2
13. ^ SA History Online.http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pondoland-revolt-1950-1961.

• History of Eastern Cape