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Porous medium equation

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The porous medium equation, also called the nonlinear heat equation, is a nonlinear partial differential equation taking the form:

∂ u ∂ t = Δ ( u m ) , m > 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=\Delta \left(u^{m}\right),\quad m>1}

where Δ {\displaystyle \Delta } is the Laplace operator. It may also be put into its equivalent divergence form: ∂ u ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ [ D ( u ) ∇ u ] {\displaystyle {\partial u \over {\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot \left} where D ( u ) = m u m − 1 {\displaystyle D(u)=mu^{m-1}} may be interpreted as a diffusion coefficient and ∇ ⋅ ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot (\cdot )} is the divergence operator.

Solutions

Despite being a nonlinear equation, the porous medium equation may be solved exactly using separation of variables or a similarity solution. However, the separation of variables solution is known to blow up to infinity at a finite time.

Barenblatt-Kompaneets-Zeldovich similarity solution

The similarity approach to solving the porous medium equation was taken by Barenblatt and Kompaneets/Zeldovich, which for x ∈ R n {\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} was to find a solution satisfying: u ( t , x ) = 1 t α v ( x t β ) , t > 0 {\displaystyle u(t,x)={1 \over {t^{\alpha }}}v\left({x \over {t^{\beta }}}\right),\quad t>0} for some unknown function v {\displaystyle v} and unknown constants α , β {\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta } . The final solution to the porous medium equation under these scalings is: u ( t , x ) = 1 t α ( b − m − 1 2 m β ‖ x ‖ 2 t 2 β ) + 1 m − 1 {\displaystyle u(t,x)={1 \over {t^{\alpha }}}\left(b-{m-1 \over {2m}}\beta {\|x\|^{2} \over {t^{2\beta }}}\right)_{+}^{1 \over {m-1}}} where ‖ ⋅ ‖ 2 {\displaystyle \|\cdot \|^{2}} is the ℓ 2 {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}} -norm, ( ⋅ ) + {\displaystyle (\cdot )_{+}} is the positive part, and the coefficients are given by: α = n n ( m − 1 ) + 2 , β = 1 n ( m − 1 ) + 2 {\displaystyle \alpha ={n \over {n(m-1)+2}},\quad \beta ={1 \over {n(m-1)+2}}}

Applications

The porous medium equation has been found to have a number of applications in gas flow, heat transfer, and groundwater flow.

Gas flow

The porous medium equation name originates from its use in describing the flow of an ideal gas in a homogeneous porous medium. We require three equations to completely specify the medium's density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , flow velocity field v {\displaystyle {\bf {v}}} , and pressure p {\displaystyle p} : the continuity equation for conservation of mass; Darcy's law for flow in a porous medium; and the ideal gas equation of state. These equations are summarized below: ε ∂ ρ ∂ t = − ∇ ⋅ ( ρ v ) ( Conservation of mass ) v = − k μ ∇ p ( Darcy's law ) p = p 0 ρ γ ( Equation of state ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varepsilon {\partial \rho \over {\partial t}}&=-\nabla \cdot (\rho {\bf {v}})&({\text{Conservation of mass}})\\{\bf {v}}&=-{k \over {\mu }}\nabla p&({\text{Darcy's law}})\\p&=p_{0}\rho ^{\gamma }&({\text{Equation of state}})\end{aligned}}} where ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } is the porosity, k {\displaystyle k} is the permeability of the medium, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the dynamic viscosity, and γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the polytropic exponent (equal to the heat capacity ratio for isentropic processes). Assuming constant porosity, permeability, and dynamic viscosity, the partial differential equation for the density is: ∂ ρ ∂ t = c Δ ( ρ m ) {\displaystyle {\partial \rho \over {\partial t}}=c\Delta \left(\rho ^{m}\right)} where m = γ + 1 {\displaystyle m=\gamma +1} and c = γ k p 0 / ( γ + 1 ) ε μ {\displaystyle c=\gamma kp_{0}/(\gamma +1)\varepsilon \mu } .

Heat transfer

Using Fourier's law of heat conduction, the general equation for temperature change in a medium through conduction is: ρ c p ∂ T ∂ t = ∇ ⋅ ( κ ∇ T ) {\displaystyle \rho c_{p}{\partial T \over {\partial t}}=\nabla \cdot (\kappa \nabla T)} where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the medium's density, c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} is the heat capacity at constant pressure, and κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is the thermal conductivity. If the thermal conductivity depends on temperature according to the power law: κ = α T n {\displaystyle \kappa =\alpha T^{n}} Then the heat transfer equation may be written as the porous medium equation: ∂ T ∂ t = λ Δ ( T m ) {\displaystyle {\partial T \over {\partial t}}=\lambda \Delta \left(T^{m}\right)} with m = n + 1 {\displaystyle m=n+1} and λ = α / ρ c p m {\displaystyle \lambda =\alpha /\rho c_{p}m} . The thermal conductivity of high-temperature plasmas seems to follow a power law.

See also

References

  1. Wathen, A; Qian, L. "Porous medium equation" (PDF). University of Oxford.
  2. Evans, Lawrence C. (2010). Partial Differential Equations. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 19 (2nd ed.). American Mathematical Society. pp. 170–171. ISBN 9780821849743.
  3. Barenblatt, G.I. (1952). "On some unsteady fluid and gas motions in a porous medium". Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika (in Russian). 10 (1): 67–78.
  4. Zeldovich, Y.B.; Kompaneets, A.S. (1950). "Towards a theory of heat conduction with thermal conductivity depending on the temperature". Collection of Papers Dedicated to 70th Anniversary of A. F. Ioffe. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR: 61–72.
  5. Boussinesq, J. (1904). "Recherches théoriques sur l'écoulement des nappes d'eau infiltrées dans le sol et sur le débit des sources". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. 10: 5–78.
  6. Muskat, M. (1937). The Flow of Homogeneous Fluids Through Porous Media. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780934634168.
  7. Zeldovich, Y.B.; Raizer, Y.P. (1966). Physics of Shock Waves and High Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (1st ed.). Academic Press. pp. 652–684. ISBN 9780127787015.

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